- Washington Crossing the Delaware (Emanuel Leutze, 1851)
Emanuel Leutze / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Fall of the Alamo: David Crockett swings his rifle as the Mexican assault breaks over the walls on 6 March 1836 (Robert Jenkins Onderdonk, c. 1903).
Robert Jenkins Onderdonk / Friends of the Governor’s Mansion, Austin · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rangers' command post atop Pointe du Hoc with the U.S. flag spread to stop friendly fire, June 1944
Lovell, U.S. Army Signal Corps (SC 190240) / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - B-24E Liberator assembly lines at Ford's Willow Run plant, 1942
Howard R. Hollem, Office of War Information / National Archives (NAID 196389) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Icarus, Empire State Building (Lewis Hine, 1930)
Lewis Hine / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - First flight of the Wright Flyer, Kitty Hawk, December 17, 1903
John T. Daniels / Library of Congress (restoration via Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, Apollo 11, July 20, 1969 (AS11-40-5903)
Neil A. Armstrong / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - USA vs. Soviet Union, Lake Placid, February 22, 1980 (Mike Ramsey #5 with the puck)
Henry Zbyszynski (Flickr: hankzby) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Starship lifts off from Starbase, Texas, on its fifth flight test, 13 October 2024.
Steve Jurvetson · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Declaration of Independence (John Trumbull, 1818–19)
John Trumbull / U.S. Capitol Rotunda, Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - Surrender of Lord Cornwallis (John Trumbull, 1820)
John Trumbull / U.S. Capitol Rotunda, Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia (Charles M. Russell, 1905)
Charles M. Russell / Amon Carter Museum of American Art (image via Humanities Texas) · Public domain
Source ↗ - East and West Shaking Hands at Laying Last Rail, Promontory Summit, May 10, 1869
Andrew J. Russell / Yale University Libraries (restoration by Adam Cuerden) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Culebra Cut with Gold Hill, Panama Canal construction, c. 1912
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division (LCCN 99403558) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. Alvin C. York at the hill in the Argonne where he captured 132 German prisoners, 1919
Pfc. F. C. Phillips, U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - How Twenty Marines Took Bouresches (Belleau Wood, June 1918), painting, 1919
Frank E. Schoonover / Ladies' Home Journal, September 1919 · Public domain
Source ↗ - Boulder (Hoover) Dam column blocks rising in Black Canyon, telephoto from cableway control tower, c. 1934
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation / National Archives (NARA 293949) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Liberty ship slides down the ways at the Kaiser shipyard, Vancouver, Washington
Louis Lee / National Park Service, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site · Public domain
Source ↗ - 101st Airborne troopers move out of Bastogne after the ten-day siege, 1944
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives (NAID 12010172) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines raise the larger second flag as the first comes down atop Mount Suribachi, 23 February 1945
Pvt. Robert R. Campbell, USMC / Navy Medicine (BUMED) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell X-1 #46-062 in flight, c. 1947
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - The first point-contact transistor (Bell Labs, 1947), on display
Windell Oskay (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - 1st Marine Division column breaks out from the Chosin Reservoir, December 1950
Cpl. Peter McDonald, U.S. Marine Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - SR-71 Blackbird over the Sierra Nevada
USAF / Judson Brohmer, NASA Armstrong · Public domain
Source ↗ - BBN Interface Message Processor (IMP), the first ARPANET router
Don DeBold (Flickr) / Computer History Museum · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - GPS Block IIR-M satellite in orbit (artist's impression)
U.S. Government / National Coordination Office for Space-Based PNT · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington stands at the head of the Assembly Room as the delegates sign the Constitution, 17 September 1787 (Howard Chandler Christy, 1940).
Howard Chandler Christy / Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - A View of the Bombardment of Fort McHenry: British bomb ships shell the fort on the morning of 13 September 1814 (John Bower, aquatint, c. 1816).
John Bower / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 20th Maine charges down Little Round Top with fixed bayonets, 2 July 1863, in H. Charles McBarron Jr.'s National Guard Heritage painting.
H. Charles McBarron Jr. / National Guard Bureau · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dauntless dive bombers of Scouting Squadron 8 from USS Hornet close on the burning Japanese heavy cruiser Mikuma, 6 June 1942 (80-G-17054).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bird’s-eye view of the opening-night fireworks over the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, 24 May 1883.
A. Major, publisher / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Workers on Ford’s first moving assembly line build flywheel magnetos at Highland Park, 1913.
Ford Motor Company · Public domain
Source ↗ - The dynamo room at Pearl Street: Jumbo dynamos coupled straight to their steam engines, from an 1880s engraving
Deutsches Museum Bildarchiv · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rows of iron lungs breathe for polio patients in a hospital ward, about 1953.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - A crowd surrounds the Spirit of St. Louis at Roosevelt Field, Long Island, before Lindbergh's takeoff for Paris, 20 May 1927.
Underwood & Underwood / National Air and Space Museum Archives, Smithsonian (SI-77-2701) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jesse Owens in flight in the long jump at the Olympic Stadium, Berlin, August 1936
National Archives and Records Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - Air Force C-47s in the unloading line at Tempelhof. In the first weeks of the airlift these small twin-engine transports carried everything from engine crates to milk bottles.
U.S. Air Force / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Reagan speaks to the crowd at the Brandenburg Gate, West Berlin, 12 June 1987. The Wall runs behind the stage
White House Photographic Office / Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (NARA) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Wall of Names at the Flight 93 National Memorial, with the Ceremonial Gate looking out toward the crash site
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Steve Jobs introduces the iPhone at Macworld, Moscone West, San Francisco, 9 January 2007
Blake Patterson · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - The NY Waterway ferry Thomas Jefferson, Capt. Vincent Lombardi, pulls alongside Flight 1549 as passengers wait on the wings, 15 January 2009
Greg L (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - President Obama, Vice President Biden and the national security team receive an update on the mission in the White House Situation Room, 1 May 2011
Pete Souza / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - Perseverance takes a selfie with Ingenuity, about 13 feet away on the floor of Jezero Crater, 6 April 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Mayflower Compact, 1620, as imagined by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris: the men gather around a sea chest in the ship's cabin to sign.
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris / Library of Congress · Public domain (published 1932, copyright not renewed)
Source ↗ - The Battle of Lexington, 19 April 1775: Parker’s militia return fire on the Green as the regulars advance (William Barnes Wollen, 1910).
William Barnes Wollen / National Army Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lincoln speaks at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, 19 November 1863, as imagined in a Sherwood Lithograph Co. print of about 1905.
Sherwood Lithograph Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The flag flies over Jackson Square in New Orleans, the old Place d’Armes, with the Cabildo at left and St. Louis Cathedral at center. Here the Stars and Stripes went up over Louisiana on 20 December 1803.
Spatms / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Hattie, Lizzie, Lutie and Ruth Chrisman in front of Lizzie's sod house in Custer County, Nebraska, in 1886. All four sisters went on to file homesteads.
Solomon D. Butcher / History Nebraska, via Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Denali, 20,310 feet, over Wonder Lake before sunrise, Denali National Park and Preserve, July 2018.
Mary Lewandowski / National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Andrew Jackson rides among his gunners and riflemen as the British assault breaks on 8 January 1815 (Dennis Malone Carter, 1856).
Dennis Malone Carter · Public domain
Source ↗ - Pillow’s column storms Chapultepec on 13 September 1847, scaling ladders against the castle walls (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt rides at the head of the charge up Kettle Hill, 1 July 1898, in Frederic Remington’s Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill
Frederic Remington · Public domain
Source ↗ - A B-25B clears the bow of USS Hornet at the start of the Doolittle Raid, 18 April 1942, as sailors watch from the island (80-G-41196).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Navy F-14A Tomcat of Fighter Squadron 114 flies over a Kuwaiti oil well set ablaze by Iraqi troops, 1991.
Lt. Steve Gozzo, U.S. Navy / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Wounded men of the 16th Infantry Regiment wait at the foot of the chalk cliffs on Omaha Beach for evacuation to a field hospital, 6 June 1944.
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jack Aeby's color photograph of the Trinity fireball rising over the Jornada del Muerto, 16 July 1945.
Jack W. Aeby / Los Alamos Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - A freighter comes alongside in the harbor at Marseille. Almost destroyed in the war, the port was rebuilt with Marshall Plan aid and was busier than ever.
Economic Cooperation Administration / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Nautilus underway at sea in November 1955, her first year on nuclear power.
U.S. Navy photo 80-G-K-18864 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - The fleet gathers in New York Harbor for the Grand Canal Celebration, 4 November 1825, painted by Anthony Imbert
Anthony Imbert / Museum of the City of New York · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Carnegie blast furnaces at Braddock, home of the Edgar Thomson Works, about 1905.
Detroit Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Heywood No. 2 gusher blows above the forest of derricks on Spindletop Hill, 1901
Bernier Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Interstate 70 rides its viaduct along the Colorado River through Glenwood Canyon, Colorado, the final stretch of I-70, opened in 1992. Aerial photograph, 2016.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell’s laboratory notebook for 10 March 1876, recording the first sentence ever sent by telephone: “Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you.”
Alexander Graham Bell / Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A combine harvests wheat on the Palouse, the rolling Washington and Idaho country where USDA breeder Orville Vogel bred America’s first semi-dwarf wheats.
USDA Agricultural Research Service (image K1441-5) · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Glenn climbs into Friendship 7 during the final countdown, 20 February 1962 (KSC-JohnGlenn-0006)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Odyssey splashes down in the South Pacific as its three main parachutes collapse, 17 April 1970 (S70-35644)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Columbia rises from Pad 39A just after 7 a.m. on 12 April 1981, its external tank still painted white, the first time a crew rode a spacecraft on its maiden launch (KSC-81PC-0382)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - A dog team on the Iditarod National Historic Trail between Kaltag and Unalakleet, the stretch Jackscrew and Victor Anagick ran with the serum in 1925. Photographed in March 2016.
Bob Wick / Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mount Everest from the Khumbu in Nepal, the side the 1963 team climbed, with a plume of snow streaming off the summit.
Vyacheslav Argenberg / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - Green Berets of Task Force Dagger ride with General Dostum’s horsemen in the Darya Suf valley, northern Afghanistan, autumn 2001
Master Sgt. Chris Spence, U.S. Army / U.S. Army Special Operations Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Smoke rises over Fallujah after an air strike on an insurgent stronghold, as Marines of 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, search the city, 10 November 2004.
Cpl. Joel A. Chaverri, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - A drilling rig works the Bakken oil field near Williston, North Dakota, June 2011
Lindsey G / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Army Capt. Isaiah Horton, a doctor at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, gets one of the military’s first COVID-19 shots, 14 December 2020.
Lisa Ferdinando / U.S. Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Surrender of General Burgoyne (John Trumbull, 1821), in the Capitol Rotunda. Gates declines Burgoyne’s sword and invites him into his tent; Daniel Morgan stands in white at the head of the American officers.
John Trumbull / Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - The March to Valley Forge, December 19, 1777 (William B. T. Trego, 1883): Washington watches his army march into winter quarters.
William B. T. Trego / Museum of the American Revolution · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bonhomme Richard, center, and HMS Serapis locked together and burning under the moon off Flamborough Head, painted by Thomas Mitchell in 1780.
Thomas Mitchell / U.S. Naval Academy Museum via Naval History and Heritage Command (KN-10855) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Constitution’s broadsides shatter HMS Guerriere, 19 August 1812 (Thomas Chambers, about 1845).
Thomas Chambers / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - The Golden Gate Bridge lit up at night, seen from the Marin side, May 2012.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines climb wooden scaling ladders over the seawall from their landing craft at Inchon, 15 September 1950.
Official U.S. Marine Corps photograph / Marine Corps Archives & Special Collections · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - An Intel Core i5-11400 processor die from 2021: a whole computer processor on one sliver of silicon
Fritzchens Fritz · CC0
Source ↗ - Earthrise: the Earth rises over the lunar horizon on Apollo 8’s fourth orbit, Christmas Eve 1968, in Bill Anders’s first color frame (AS08-14-2383)
Bill Anders / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - A modern rider retraces the Pony Express National Historic Trail across the Wyoming sagebrush under a storm sky, September 2010.
Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - Kathryn Thornton lifts COSTAR, the corrective optics that gave Hubble’s instruments their sharp focus, while Tom Akers works below in Endeavour’s payload bay on the fourth spacewalk, 8 December 1993 (STS061-47-014).
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jim Thorpe spreads his arms as he crosses the finish line, 1912
IOC / Olympic Museum Collections · Public domain (photograph from 1912)
Source ↗ - The General Operating Department of the Western Union Telegraph Building in New York, 1875, three decades after the first message.
C. K. Bill / Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Bruce Crandall’s UH-1D Huey climbs away after landing infantrymen of the 1st Cavalry Division in the Ia Drang Valley, November 1965.
U.S. Army photo / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Shattered German gun casemate at Pointe du Hoc, September 1944
U.S. Army Signal Corps (111-SC-275925) / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Reagan's "Boys of Pointe du Hoc" address, 6 June 1984
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. James Eikner, HQ Company, 2nd Ranger Battalion (ABMC oral history)
American Battle Monuments Commission · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rangers climb Pointe du Hoc 75 years later, June 2019
U.S. Army / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rangers below the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc, 6 June 1944
U.S. Army / Archives Normandie 1939-45 · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rangers show the ladders used to scale Pointe du Hoc, June 1944 (80-G-45716)
Official U.S. Navy photograph / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Reagan with former Rangers at Pointe du Hoc, 6 June 1984
White House Photographic Office / National Archives (NAID 276563887) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Assault map of "Point du Hoe," HQ 1st U.S. Infantry Division, April 1944
U.S. Army / National Archives via DPLA · Public domain
Source ↗ - James Earl Rudder as a major in 1943, the year he took command of the 2nd Ranger Battalion.
U.S. Army / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Leonard G. Lomell as a second lieutenant after D-Day.
Department of the Army / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. Herman Stein of F Company, 2nd Ranger Battalion.
U.S. Army / USASOC History Office · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. Walter E. Block, surgeon of the 2nd Ranger Battalion.
U.S. Army / USASOC History Office · Public domain
Source ↗ - The tip of Pointe du Hoc today, with the granite dagger of the Ranger Monument standing on the cliff top above the sea stack.
Myrabella / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - A paratrooper of the 173rd Airborne Brigade stands in a naval gunfire crater on Pointe du Hoc in 2018, giving scale to the ground the Rangers fought across.
Lt. Col. John Hall, U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ninth Air Force A-20 Havocs strike the gun positions on Pointe du Hoc on 25 April 1944, six weeks before the Rangers went up the cliff.
U.S. Army Air Forces · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rangers take a breather in a foxhole on Pointe du Hoc in June 1944, weapons close at hand.
Official U.S. Navy photograph (80-G-45715) / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - A soldier of today's 75th Ranger Regiment climbs the same cliff on 4 June 2019 to honor the men of the 2nd Ranger Battalion.
Sgt. Henry Villarama, U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Reagan salutes at the Ranger Monument on 6 June 1984, the day he called them the boys of Pointe du Hoc.
SPC 5 Vincent R. Kritts, U.S. Army / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Apollo 11 lifts off from Launch Complex 39A, July 16, 1969 (KSC-69P-446)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Buzz Aldrin's bootprint in the lunar soil, July 20, 1969 (AS11-40-5878)
Buzz Aldrin / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Buzz Aldrin beside the U.S. flag at Tranquility Base, July 20, 1969 (AS11-40-5875)
Neil A. Armstrong / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Kennedy speaks at Rice University, Houston, September 12, 1962
NASA (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lunar Module Eagle in landing configuration after undocking, July 20, 1969 (AS11-44-6581)
Michael Collins / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mission Control watches the Apollo 11 moonwalk on the big screen, July 20, 1969 (S69-39815)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Command Module Columbia over the Moon, photographed from Eagle, July 20, 1969 (AS11-37-5445)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Buzz Aldrin descends Eagle's ladder to the lunar surface, July 20, 1969 (AS11-40-5868)
Neil A. Armstrong / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Eagle's ascent stage returns to Columbia with Earth above the lunar horizon, July 21, 1969 (AS11-44-6642)
Michael Collins / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Flight controllers celebrate the end of Apollo 11 in Mission Control, July 24, 1969 (S69-40023)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Neil A. Armstrong, Apollo 11 commander, in his official crew portrait, July 1969
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr., Apollo 11 lunar module pilot, in his official crew portrait, July 1969
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Michael Collins, Apollo 11 command module pilot, in his official crew portrait, July 1969
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Flight director Gene Kranz at his console in Houston's Mission Control during a Gemini 4 simulation, April 1965
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Buzz Aldrin beside the seismometer he has just deployed, with the flag and Eagle beyond, photographed by Armstrong, 20 July 1969
Neil A. Armstrong / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Earth rises over the lunar horizon near Smyth's Sea, photographed from Apollo 11 in lunar orbit, July 1969
NASA / Apollo 11 crew · Public domain
Source ↗ - The crawler carries Apollo 11's 363-foot Saturn V toward Launch Pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center, 20 May 1969
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Columbia rides the Pacific after splashdown as the crew and a Navy frogman wait in a raft for pickup by USS Hornet, 24 July 1969
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Nixon welcomes Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin, sealed in the Mobile Quarantine Facility aboard USS Hornet, 24 July 1969
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - New York showers the Apollo 11 astronauts with ticker tape in the largest parade in the city's history, 13 August 1969
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Passage of the Delaware (Thomas Sully, 1819): Washington on the Pennsylvania bank as his army loads into the boats.
Thomas Sully / Museum of Fine Arts, Boston · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Battle of Trenton, 26 December 1776: Continentals storm the town in the snow (H. Charles McBarron Jr.).
H. Charles McBarron Jr. / U.S. Army Center of Military History · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Winter Patriots, Mount Vernon's film on the Trenton-Princeton campaign.
George Washington's Mount Vernon (video still) · Copyrighted: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Washington's Crossing in Four Minutes, American Battlefield Trust.
American Battlefield Trust (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Why No One Died in the Delaware River Crossing, Smithsonian Channel.
Smithsonian Channel (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Channel (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The Battle of Princeton in Four Minutes, American Battlefield Trust.
American Battlefield Trust (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Merry Christmas, 1776: Knox's gunners in the streets of Trenton (H. Charles McBarron Jr.).
H. Charles McBarron Jr. / U.S. Army Center of Military History, DA Poster 21-37 · Public domain
Source ↗ - General George Washington at Trenton (John Trumbull, 1792).
John Trumbull / Yale University Art Gallery · Public domain
Source ↗ - Plan of the Operations of General Washington, 26 December 1776 to 3 January 1777 (William Faden, London, 1777).
William Faden / Library of Congress Geography and Map Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Detail of Washington Crossing the Delaware (Emanuel Leutze, 1851).
Emanuel Leutze / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - George Washington in 1776, the year of the crossing (Charles Willson Peale).
Charles Willson Peale / Brooklyn Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Henry Knox (Gilbert Stuart, c. 1805).
Gilbert Stuart / Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (on deposit from the City of Boston) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brigadier General John Glover of Marblehead, stipple engraving by Henry Bryan Hall after John Trumbull's 1794 pencil sketch from life.
Henry Bryan Hall Sr., after John Trumbull / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Public domain (19th-century engraving; Met Open Access, CC0)
Source ↗ - Alexander Hamilton (John Trumbull, 1806).
John Trumbull · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington Crossing the Delaware (Emanuel Leutze, 1851), 21 feet wide, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Emanuel Leutze / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton (John Trumbull): the mortally wounded Colonel Rall before Washington.
John Trumbull / Yale University Art Gallery · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton, 3 January 1777 (John Trumbull).
John Trumbull / Yale University Art Gallery · Public domain
Source ↗ - George Washington at the Battle of Princeton (Charles Willson Peale), painted by a veteran of the battle.
Charles Willson Peale / Princeton University Art Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Reenactors cross the Delaware at Washington Crossing, as they do every Christmas Day.
U.S. National Archives (Delaware River Scenic Byway) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Replica Durham boats at Washington Crossing Historic Park, at the spot where the army embarked.
Famartin / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Capt. Chuck Yeager stands beside the Bell X-1 #46-062 "Glamorous Glennis," named for his wife.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - A first-generation Bell X-1 rides in the modified bomb bay of its B-29 Superfortress mothership.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Animated still of the Bell X-1 breaking the sound barrier, from Smithsonian Channel's Aviation Nation.
Smithsonian Channel (video still) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Channel
Source ↗ - Portrait of Chuck Yeager from the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force tribute video.
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Chuck Yeager during his Academy of Achievement interview.
Academy of Achievement (video still) · Copyrighted: American Academy of Achievement
Source ↗ - Bob Hoover interviewed at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, April 2014.
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Glamorous Glennis suspended in the National Air and Space Museum's Milestones of Flight hall, 2018.
Balon Greyjoy / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain (CC0 1.0)
Source ↗ - Glamorous Glennis hanging at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
Gary Todd / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain (CC0 1.0)
Source ↗ - Capt. Yeager's pilot's notes from the ninth powered XS-1 flight, October 14, 1947.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration / National Archives (NAID 295644) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The second X-1 (#46-063) on Rogers Dry Lake at Muroc, 1949.
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager, as he looked around the time of the first supersonic flight.
U.S. Air Force / National Museum of the U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Jack Ridley, X-1 flight test engineer, with the NACA Muroc team in 1948 (detail).
NACA / NASA (GPN-2000-000137) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bob Hoover in flight gear with fellow North American Aviation test pilots (detail).
Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lawrence D. "Larry" Bell, founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation, which built the X-1.
Unknown photographer / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Glamorous Glennis, the first airplane to fly faster than sound, at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in 2023.
FriendlyToaster / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain (CC0 1.0)
Source ↗ - Capt. Chuck Yeager in the cockpit of Glamorous Glennis, photographed by Jack Ridley on September 26, 1947.
Jack Ridley / U.S. Air Force (Edwards AFB History Office) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Technicians service an X-1 mated to its B-29 mothership; the shackles held it until the drop.
NASA (E-595) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Mach 1 team at Muroc, October 28, 1947: Ed Swindell, Bob Hoover, Bob Cardenas, Chuck Yeager, Dick Frost and Jack Ridley.
U.S. Air Force / San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The second X-1 (#46-063) on the ramp with its B-29 launch ship at NACA's Muroc station, about 1949.
NASA (GPN-2000-000127) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Yeager, Ridley and the NACA Muroc team study Bob Hoover's photo of the X-1 in supersonic flight, 1948.
NACA / NASA (GPN-2000-000137) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Sons of Freedom pull down the gilded statue of King George III at Bowling Green, New York, after the Declaration is read on July 9, 1776 (Johannes Oertel, 1859).
Johannes A. S. Oertel / New-York Historical Society · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Thomas Jefferson interpreter reads the Declaration of Independence (video still).
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Source ↗ - Interpreters read the Declaration at the National Archives on July 4, 2026 (video still).
C-SPAN (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: National Cable Satellite Corporation (C-SPAN)
Source ↗ - The headline of a Dunlap broadside, the first printing of the Declaration, July 4-5, 1776.
John Dunlap / U.S. National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Independence Hall on Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, with its restored tower clock.
NPS photo / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - "In Congress, July 4, 1776": the heading of the engrossed and signed Declaration.
Second Continental Congress / U.S. National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The opening lines of Jefferson's rough draft, with Franklin's and Adams's edits.
Thomas Jefferson / Library of Congress, Manuscript Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Crowds watch fireworks at the Lincoln Memorial, July 4, 2026: the "Illuminations" Adams foresaw in 1776.
Kelsey Graczyk / U.S. Department of the Interior · Public domain
Source ↗ - The portable desk on which Jefferson wrote the Declaration, its writing board open.
National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution · Public domain (CC0)
Source ↗ - Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration, painted by Rembrandt Peale in 1800.
Rembrandt Peale / White House Historical Association · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Adams, the Declaration's fiercest champion in Congress, painted by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1800-1815.
Gilbert Stuart / National Gallery of Art · Public domain (CC0)
Source ↗ - Benjamin Franklin, who helped edit Jefferson's draft, painted by Joseph Siffred Duplessis, c. 1785.
Joseph Siffred Duplessis / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Hancock, President of Congress and first to sign, painted by John Singleton Copley in 1765.
John Singleton Copley / Museum of Fine Arts, Boston · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Assembly Room of Independence Hall, where the Continental Congress voted for independence on July 2 and adopted the Declaration on July 4, 1776.
NPS photo / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - Franklin, Adams and Jefferson review the draft in Jefferson's Philadelphia lodgings (Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, "Writing the Declaration of Independence, 1776").
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jefferson's "original Rough draught," June 1776, with edits by Adams, Franklin and Congress layered over his own hand.
Thomas Jefferson / Library of Congress, Manuscript Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Dunlap broadside, printed in Philadelphia on the night of July 4, 1776, and rushed to the states and the army the next morning.
John Dunlap / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Col. John Nixon reads the Declaration to the crowd in the State House Yard, Philadelphia, July 8, 1776 (Edwin Austin Abbey, Harper's Weekly, 1876).
Edwin Austin Abbey / Harper's Weekly / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Fireworks burst over the Lincoln Memorial on July 4, 2026, the Declaration's 250th birthday.
Lowell Whitman / U.S. Department of the Interior · Public domain
Source ↗ - 4th Marine Division Marines dig into the black sand as landing ships unload under Mount Suribachi, 19 February 1945
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division (Holland M. Smith Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines raise the larger second flag as the first comes down atop Mount Suribachi, 23 February 1945
Pvt. Robert R. Campbell, USMC / Navy Medicine (BUMED) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title card of "To the Shores of Iwo Jima," the 1945 Navy-Marine Corps color documentary
U.S. Navy / U.S. Marine Corps (video still, The National WWII Museum) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines cheer beneath the second flag on Mount Suribachi in Sgt. Bill Genaust's color film, 23 February 1945
Sgt. William H. Genaust, USMC / National Archives (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Medal of Honor recipient Hershel "Woody" Williams speaks at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 28 September 2017
Wesley Farnsworth / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - 5th Marine Division Marines work up the terraces from Red Beach One, 19 February 1945
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division (Thayer Soule Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines carrying flamethrowers climb the slopes of Mount Suribachi, February 1945
SSgt. Louis R. Lowery, USMC / Marine Corps History Division (Lowery Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A 4th Marine Division Sherman tank, wrecked by a mine and five shell hits, with its crew unhurt, February 1945 (80-G-304853)
U.S. Navy photograph / National Archives, via National Museum of the U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Marine rocket truck fires a barrage at Japanese positions on Iwo Jima, 1945
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division (Thayer Soule Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Aerial view of the U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial, Arlington, Virginia, 6 April 2018
Rachel Hendrix / National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Cpl. Hershel W. "Woody" Williams, USMC, wearing the Medal of Honor, circa 1945
Official USMC photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - PFC Jacklyn H. "Jack" Lucas, USMC, wearing the Medal of Honor, circa 1945
Official USMC photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. John Basilone, USMC, wearing the Medal of Honor earned on Guadalcanal, 1943
Official USMC photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. Michael Strank, USMC, who led the second flag-raising team on Mount Suribachi
Official USMC photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines charge inland across the volcanic sand at the foot of Mount Suribachi, 19 February 1945
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division (Thayer Soule Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A wave of Marine amphibian tractors churns toward the smoke-shrouded beaches as a cruiser shells Suribachi, 19 February 1945
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division (Thayer Soule Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Pvt. Richard Klatt and PFC Wilfred Voegeli burn out Japanese defenses below Mount Suribachi, February 1945
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division (Thayer Soule Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Navy corpsman Arthur H. Clayton gives a blood transfusion to a wounded Marine on the beach, February 1945
Official U.S. Marine Corps / U.S. Navy photograph (National Archives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines crowd around the B-29 "Dinah Might," the first Superfortress to make an emergency landing on Iwo Jima, 4 March 1945
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division (Thayer Soule Collection) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Entrance to the 5th Marine Division Cemetery, with Mount Suribachi beyond, Iwo Jima, 1945 (127-GW-305-145467)
Official USMC photograph / National Archives, via National Museum of the U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - The first powered flight: Orville Wright lifts off at 10:35 a.m. as Wilbur runs alongside, Kill Devil Hills, near Kitty Hawk, N.C., December 17, 1903
John T. Daniels / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Wilbur Wright banks the 1902 glider into a right turn while gliding from No. 2 Hill, Kill Devil Hills, N.C., October 24, 1902
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title card for the Smithsonian video on the first-flight photograph
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution
Source ↗ - The original 1903 Wright Flyer on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. (photographed between 1980 and 2006)
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Wilbur Wright glides in level flight in the 1902 glider, Kill Devil Hills, N.C., October 17, 1902
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A period bicycle inside the Wright Cycle Company building, now at Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Mich.
The Henry Ford (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: The Henry Ford
Source ↗ - Front view of the 1903 Wright Flyer at Kill Devil Hills, N.C., 1903
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Orville Wright's telegram to his father announcing four successful flights, December 17, 1903
Orville Wright / Library of Congress, Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers · Public domain
Source ↗ - Orville Wright's pocket diary entry for Thursday, December 17, 1903
Orville Wright / Library of Congress, Wilbur and Orville Wright Papers · Public domain
Source ↗ - A swatch of Wright Flyer wing fabric wrapped around a cable beneath the solar panel of NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter, 2021 (PIA24291)
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Wilbur Wright, age 38, about 1905
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Orville Wright, age 34, about 1905
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Charles E. "Charlie" Taylor, the Wrights' mechanic who built the 1903 Flyer's engine (date unknown)
Unknown photographer / via Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 1903 Flyer on its launching rail at Big Kill Devil Hill with men from the Kill Devil Hills Life-Saving Station, before the trial of December 14, 1903
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Orville Wright pilots the third flight of December 17, 1903, at Kill Devil Hills, N.C.
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 1903 Flyer on the sand after the fourth and longest flight, the frame of its front elevator broken on landing, December 17, 1903
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 1903 Flyer outside the Wrights' hangar and their workshop-living quarters at Kill Devil Hills, N.C., November 24, 1903
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Wilbur Wright at work in the Wright Cycle Company shop, Dayton, Ohio, 1897
Wright brothers / Library of Congress (Wright Brothers Negatives) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Wright Brothers Monument atop Big Kill Devil Hill, Wright Brothers National Memorial, Kill Devil Hills, N.C., September 2017
Yuming Huang / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Boulder Dam from downstream, with the canyon-wall outlet works and the Colorado River below, photographed by Ansel Adams, 1941
Ansel Adams / National Archives (79-AAB-01) · Public domain
Source ↗ - High scalers on ropes and bosun's chairs work the wall of Black Canyon, photographed by Ben Glaha, c. 1934
Ben D. Glaha / U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Opening footage from the Interior Department film Boulder Dam (1937)
U.S. Department of the Interior / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title card for Reclamation History Ep. 5: Building Hoover Dam
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation · Public domain
Source ↗ - Shirtless high scalers drill the canyon wall high above the Colorado River, photographed by Ben Glaha, c. 1934
Ben D. Glaha / U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Boulder Dam laborer with his shovel, photographed by Ben Glaha, c. 1934
Ben D. Glaha / U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Boulder Dam nearing completion, looking downstream from the Arizona side, May 27, 1935
National Archives / Herbert Hoover Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Concrete sluices from an eight-cubic-yard bucket into a column form as workers spread the pour, September 27, 1933
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hoover Dam from the helicopter pad below the power plant, HAER NV-27-5, 2002
Deborah Dobson-Brown / Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The upstream face of Boulder Dam lit for the night shift, photographed by Ben Glaha, c. 1934
Ben D. Glaha / U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Frank T. Crowe, general superintendent for Six Companies Inc., at the dam site, 1935
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation · Public domain
Source ↗ - Elwood Mead, Commissioner of Reclamation 1924-1936, July 24, 1928
Underwood & Underwood / Library of Congress (cph.3b30798) · Public domain
Source ↗ - High scalers on ropes at the Arizona intake tower site, some 550 feet above the Colorado River, 28 July 1932: the job Joe Kine did at the dam.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation / National Archives (NAID 293714) · Public domain (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation photograph, federal work)
Source ↗ - Sculptor Oskar J.W. Hansen in his studio beside a winged figure for Minneapolis's Rand Tower, 1929
Wide World Photos / Hennepin County Library (via DPLA) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The upstream face of the finished dam and its four intake towers, before Lake Mead rose to cover them, May 22, 1935
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation · Public domain
Source ↗ - A 30-foot-diameter steel penstock section hauled to the dam on a special trailer, photographed by Ben Glaha, c. 1934
Ben D. Glaha / U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Concrete crews line Diversion Tunnel No. 2 under floodlights, a truck parked on the tunnel floor, May 10, 1932
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation / National Archives (NARA 293664) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Workers pose with the bucket that placed the three-millionth cubic yard of concrete in Boulder Dam, December 5, 1934
Six Companies Inc. / U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (NPS NPGallery) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Oskar J.W. Hansen's 30-foot bronze Winged Figures of the Republic at the dam's Nevada end, dedicated 1938 (photographed 2018)
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Water pours over the Arizona spillway drum gates for the first time as Lake Mead fills, August 12, 1941
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation · Public domain
Source ↗ - Frank Schoonover's 1919 painting of Corporal York's fight in the Argonne Forest, 8 October 1918
Frank E. Schoonover, 1919 · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hill 223, Argonne Forest, marked with the 328th Infantry's line of advance in its capture on 7 October 1918 (111-SC-154573)
U.S. Army Signal Corps / U.S. Army Military History Institute · Public domain
Source ↗ - Alvin C. York in civilian clothes after the war, about 1920
Bain News Service / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Still from Battlefield Experience: The Meuse-Argonne Offensive
American Battle Monuments Commission · Public domain
Source ↗ - The wooded valley near Châtel-Chéhéry, France, where York and his patrol fought
Wilson44691 / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. Alvin C. York wears his medals aboard the Ohioan on his return from France, 22 May 1919
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Home in Pall Mall, York washes up at the family cabin while his mother pours and his sister looks on, 1919
Underwood & Underwood, 1919 · Public domain
Source ↗ - York's regiment, the 328th Infantry, passes in review at Camp Gordon, Georgia, 1917–1918
International Film Service / National Archives (NAID 26422359) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. Alvin C. York with two Army officers, 1918–1920
National Photo Company Collection / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. Alvin C. York wearing his Medal of Honor, 1919
Underwood & Underwood, 1919 · Public domain
Source ↗ - G. Edward Buxton Jr., commander of York's battalion, 2nd Battalion, 328th Infantry
Unknown photographer (Rhode Island USGenWeb Project) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Gen. George B. Duncan, commanding the 82nd Division, Prauthey, France, 25 November 1918 (111-SC-39287)
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces
Mid-Week Pictorial, 1919 / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. York in Washington with Rep. Cordell Hull, Sen. Kenneth McKellar and Sen. George Chamberlain, 1919
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Valley of the Three Forks of the Wolf River in Fentress County, Tennessee, York's home ground
Brian Stansberry / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 3.0
Source ↗ - Assault on Redoubt 10, 14 October 1781: Hamilton’s light infantry go over the wall with the bayonet (H. Charles McBarron Jr.).
H. Charles McBarron Jr. / U.S. Army Center of Military History · Public domain
Source ↗ - Surrender of Lord Cornwallis (John Trumbull, 1820), 12 by 18 feet, in the Capitol Rotunda. General Lincoln, on the white horse, receives the British column.
John Trumbull / Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - Now or Never: Yorktown Campaign of 1781 (video thumbnail).
George Washington’s Mount Vernon (video still) · Copyrighted: Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Siege of Yorktown: The Revolutionary War in Four Minutes (video thumbnail).
American Battlefield Trust (video still) · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Guided Tour of the Yorktown Battlefield (video thumbnail).
American Battlefield Trust (video still) · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Washington’s letter to Congress announcing the surrender, 19 October 1781.
George Washington / National Archives, Records of the Continental Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Storming of Redoubt No. 10 (Eugène Lami, 1840), painted for the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond.
Eugène Lami / Virginia State Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Tench Tilghman (etching by H. B. Hall, 1869).
H. B. Hall / New York Public Library, Emmet Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Battle of the Virginia Capes, 5 September 1781: de Grasse’s fleet turns back the British and seals Cornwallis in (V. Zveg).
V. Zveg / Naval History and Heritage Command (NH 73927-KN) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington and Rochambeau give their last orders before the assault (Auguste Couder, 1836), at the Palace of Versailles.
Auguste Couder / Musée de l’Histoire de France, Versailles · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington, Lafayette and Tilghman at Yorktown (Charles Willson Peale, 1784), commissioned by the State of Maryland.
Charles Willson Peale / Maryland State Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Soldiers at the siege, sketched in 1781 by a French officer: a Black soldier of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, a Continental infantryman, a frontier rifleman and a French officer.
Jean-Baptiste-Antoine DeVerger / Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Yorktown Victory Monument, voted by Congress on 29 October 1781 and finished in 1884, above the York River.
Cbaile19 / Wikimedia Commons · CC0
Source ↗ - U.S. Marines fight their way through Belleau Wood, June 1918, in a painting by French artist Georges Scott
Georges Scott / Collier's World War, 1921 (Underwood & Underwood) · Public domain
Source ↗ - First Attack on the Bois de Belleau, June 6, 1918, at Five O'Clock: 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines advancing. Watercolor by Claggett Wilson, a Marine lieutenant who fought in the wood
Claggett Wilson / Smithsonian American Art Museum (1981.163.10) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title frame of the National Museum of the Marine Corps film of the 6 June 1918 assault
LionHeart FilmWorks for the National Museum of the Marine Corps (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: LionHeart FilmWorks
Source ↗ - Archival film of Marines advancing, from the Marine Corps' Marine Time Machine
Defense Media Activity, Marines / DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗ - White marble crosses mark the 2,289 graves of Aisne-Marne American Cemetery, at the foot of Belleau Wood
U.S. Marine Corps photograph, 6 June 2011 · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sculptor Felix de Weldon beside his Marine Monument in Belleau Wood at its dedication, 18 November 1955
U.S. Marine Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Gen. James G. Harbord, U.S. Army
Bain News Service / Library of Congress (ggbain.32263) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Surviving officers of the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines head for a rest camp, 18 June 1918. Maj. Thomas Holcomb and Lt. Clifton Cates, both future Commandants, stand among them
Cpl. Sheenan, U.S. Army Signal Corps (111-SC-15895) / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Shell-torn houses in Bouresches, the village the 96th Company took on the night of 6 June 1918
Earl H. "Pete" Ellis Collection (COLL/3246) / Marine Corps History Division · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Capt. Lloyd W. Williams, USMC, about 1918
USMC Archives · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Dan Daly, wearing his two Medals of Honor and the Distinguished Service Cross
Dan Daly Collection (COLL/3334) / Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gunnery Sgt. Ernest A. Janson, wearing the Army Medal of Honor at his neck
U.S. Marine Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - The fighting done, the 6th Marines gather outside Belleau Wood before moving on, June 1918
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps History Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Triangle Farm, 6 June 1918: the 96th Company's first position, from Lt. Clifton Cates's own scrapbook
Clifton B. Cates Collection (COLL/3157) / USMC Archives · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Americans in firing positions in Belleau Wood, June 1918, photographed by French soldier Marius Vasse
Marius Vasse / Nicolas Vasse (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Every tree in Belleau Wood bore the scars of battle when the fighting ended, 1918
Adolph B. Miller Collection (COLL/1068) / USMC Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - A structural worker bolts a beam high on the Empire State Building, with the Chrysler Building behind him.
Lewis Hine / National Archives (Records of the Work Projects Administration) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ironworkers climb the steel frame of the Empire State Building beneath a derrick hook, 1930.
Lewis Hine / Preus Museum, Norway · Public domain (Lewis Hine, d. 1940: no renewal of his 1930–32 work in Copyright Office renewal records; unpublished work expired 2011)
Source ↗ - Building the Empire State, a talk at The Skyscraper Museum.
The Skyscraper Museum / YouTube · Copyrighted: The Skyscraper Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Men at Work, Glenn Kurtz at The Skyscraper Museum.
The Skyscraper Museum / YouTube · Copyrighted: The Skyscraper Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Two young structural workers ride a derrick hook on the rising frame of the Empire State Building.
Lewis Hine / Preus Museum, Norway · Public domain (Lewis Hine, d. 1940: no renewal of his 1930–32 work in Copyright Office renewal records; unpublished work expired 2011)
Source ↗ - Alfred E. Smith, four-term Governor of New York, in 1928.
Pacific and Atlantic Photos / Agence Rol, Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain
Source ↗ - Midtown Manhattan from the Empire State Building in January 1932, looking toward the Chrysler Building and the East River.
Samuel H. Gottscho / Library of Congress, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Empire State Building nears its full height over Fifth Avenue and 34th Street, 1930.
Irving Underhill / Library of Congress · Public domain (published 1930 with notice, before 1931; no renewal)
Source ↗ - John J. Raskob, the financier who paid for the Empire State Building.
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Col. William A. Starrett of Starrett Brothers & Eken, in 1921.
Contractors' and Engineers' Monthly, 1921 · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lewis Hine, self-portrait, about 1930.
Lewis Hine / George Eastman Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - A worker takes a break on a beam hundreds of feet above Manhattan, with the Chrysler Building on the skyline.
Lewis Hine / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Jumping the derrick: an ironworker walks the boom of a derrick high over the city.
Lewis Hine / Preus Museum, Norway · Public domain (Lewis Hine, d. 1940: no renewal of his 1930–32 work in Copyright Office renewal records; unpublished work expired 2011)
Source ↗ - The Hoister: a derrick man hauls on a cable high on the Empire State Building, about 1931.
Lewis Hine / Los Angeles County Museum of Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - Workers crowd the ways as a newly launched Liberty ship leaves its building dock at the Kaiser yard in Vancouver, Washington.
Louis Lee / National Park Service, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site · Public domain
Source ↗ - Welders Alivia Scott, Hattie Carpenter and Flossie Burtos get ready to weld their first piece of steel at the Kaiser yards in Richmond, California, about 1943.
Office of War Information / National Archives (535800) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Henry Kaiser’s model Liberty ship in a December 1942 newsreel on the Robert E. Peary.
British Movietone / AP Archive (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: AP Archive / British Movietone (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A Liberty ship at the dock, from KQED’s The Greatest Shipbuilding Center in the World.
KQED (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: KQED (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Welder-trainee Josie Lucille Owens at work on the Liberty ship SS George Washington Carver, Kaiser Richmond, 1943.
E. F. Joseph / Office of War Information, National Archives (535803) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A “Wendy the Welder” pushes back her helmet during a pause in her work at the Richmond shipyards, February 1943.
Ann Rosener / Office of War Information, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Roosevelt and Henry J. Kaiser watch the launch of the Joseph N. Teal, built in ten days at Oregon Shipbuilding, Portland, in September 1942.
Naval History and Heritage Command (NH 46488) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Electric welders at work on the Liberty ship SS Frederick Douglass at Bethlehem-Fairfield, Baltimore, May 1943.
Roger Smith / Office of War Information, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The SS Jeremiah O’Brien, a D-Day veteran and one of two Liberty ships still sailing, at her San Francisco berth.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The SS John W. Brown heads out to sea with a deck cargo after her conversion to a troopship, about 1943.
U.S. government photo · Public domain
Source ↗ - Henry J. Kaiser at Oregon Shipbuilding during President Roosevelt’s visit, September 1942.
Naval History and Heritage Command (NH 46487, cropped) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edgar F. Kaiser, general manager of Oregon Shipbuilding, during President Roosevelt’s visit, September 1942.
Naval History and Heritage Command (NH 46487, cropped) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Vice Adm. Emory S. Land, chairman of the U.S. Maritime Commission.
U.S. Maritime Commission / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Phyllis Gould, one of the first six women welders at Kaiser’s Richmond yards, in San Francisco in 2014.
U.S. Department of Labor (cropped) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Liberty ships in an Atlantic convoy, about 1942, carrying guns, tanks and planes to the fighting fronts.
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Kaiser’s Richmond Shipyard No. 2, where the Robert E. Peary was built, seen from the air in December 1944.
Edward Cochrane, Navy Department Bureau of Ships · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Driving of the Last Spike, Thomas Hill's 1881 painting of the ceremony at Promontory Summit
Thomas Hill / California State Railroad Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Central Pacific camp near Victory, Utah, on 28 April 1869, the day its crews laid ten miles of track
Alfred A. Hart / University of Utah Marriott Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Replicas of Jupiter and Union Pacific No. 119 face each other at the last-spike site, Golden Spike National Historical Park
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Living-history volunteers carry the last rail past the Jupiter replica at Promontory Summit
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Union Pacific No. 119 crosses the Big Trestle on Promontory the day before the last spike, 9 May 1869
Andrew J. Russell · Public domain
Source ↗ - First and last pages of the Pacific Railway Act, signed by Abraham Lincoln on 1 July 1862
U.S. National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Union Pacific officers and crews at the laying of the last rail, Promontory Summit, 10 May 1869
Andrew J. Russell / Yale Collection of Western Americana · Public domain
Source ↗ - Summit of the Sierra Nevada: Central Pacific snow sheds in the foreground, Donner Lake below
Andrew J. Russell / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Union Pacific's timber bridge over Dale Creek in the Wyoming Black Hills
Andrew J. Russell / Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale (restoration by Adam Cuerden) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Theodore D. Judah, chief engineer of the Central Pacific, 1863
Carleton Watkins · Public domain
Source ↗ - Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific, 1860s
Bradley & Rulofson, San Francisco · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, later chief engineer of the Union Pacific
Mathew Brady studio / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - John S. “Jack” Casement, Union Pacific track-laying contractor, about 1870
Unknown photographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Central Pacific timber trestle curving along a mountainside, photographed by Carleton Watkins in 1877
Carleton Watkins / J. Paul Getty Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - General Jack Casement and his Union Pacific track-laying train, photographed by Andrew J. Russell, 1867–68
Andrew J. Russell / J. Paul Getty Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Drill crews at work on the floor of the Culebra Cut, with steam shovels behind them and the walls of the Continental Divide rising above, 1913
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress (LCCN 2016864862) · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Roosevelt, in white, and his party tour the canal works on a flag-draped rail car, November 1906
Library of Congress (LCCN 2013650928) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Frame from a silent Duhem Motion Picture film of the Panama Canal: a lock wall reaching out into the water
Duhem Motion Picture Manufacturing Company / Prelinger Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thumbnail of the Panama Canal Authority's centennial film on the construction and opening
Autoridad del Canal de Panamá · Copyrighted: Autoridad del Canal de Panamá
Source ↗ - Concrete walls rise at the Gatun lock site under the cableway towers, 1910
Library of Congress (LCCN 96522034) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Steam shovel No. 230, one of the two that met at the bottom of the Culebra Cut in May 1913, at work on the floor of the Cut, 1913
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress (LCCN 2016864866) · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904
Pach Brothers / Library of Congress; restoration by Adam Cuerden · Public domain
Source ↗ - The S.S. Ancon enters the Pedro Miguel Locks from the Culebra Cut on opening day, 15 August 1914
Panama Railroad Company / National Archives (185-G-0889) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Miraflores Locks with the control house nearing completion and the steel gates ready for the first ship, 1913
Library of Congress (LCCN 96522588) · Public domain
Source ↗ - George W. Goethals in Army uniform, 1907, the year he took charge of the canal
Clinedinst / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - William C. Gorgas, Surgeon General of the Army, 1914
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - John F. Stevens, chief engineer of the Panama Canal, about 1905
The World's Work, 1905 · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Gatun Locks from a tower on the approach wall, the sea gates holding back the water, 18 July 1913
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress (LCCN 2016870857) · Public domain
Source ↗ - An electric towing locomotive guides the S.S. Santa Clara into the lower west chamber of the Miraflores Locks in the canal's early years
National Photo Company Collection / Library of Congress (LCCN 2016820933) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Men in Bastogne look up as C-47s drop supplies to the surrounded garrison, 26 December 1944
U.S. Army Signal Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - Cobra King, the 37th Tank Battalion Sherman that led the 4th Armored into Bastogne, with Lt. Charles Boggess and his crew
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe at Bastogne, January 1945
U.S. Army / Harry S. Truman Library (NAID 348309113) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title frame of the National WWII Museum's Battle of the Bulge episode of WWII in 2 (YouTube thumbnail)
The National WWII Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: The National WWII Museum
Source ↗ - Capt. Matthew Doyle of the 101st Airborne Division Artillery tells the story of Bastogne (video still)
101st Airborne Division, U.S. Army (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Generals of the 101st review the division in Bastogne beneath the sign its men put up: Bastion of the Battered Bastards of the 101st, January 1945
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives (NAID 12010179) · Public domain
Source ↗ - McAuliffe's Christmas message to the men of Bastogne, 24 December 1944, with the German demand and his reply
Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe, 101st Airborne Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe and his staff at Christmas dinner in the Heintz Barracks, Bastogne, 25 December 1944
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - A C-47 of the IX Troop Carrier Command drops parachute bundles over the snowfields around Bastogne, 23 December 1944
U.S. Army Air Forces / National Archives (342-FH, 82566AC) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Creighton W. Abrams, official portrait, about 1971
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. George S. Patton Jr., 1945
Robert F. Cranston, Lee Elkins and Harry Warnecke / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution · CC0 1.0
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Creighton Abrams, right, beside his Sherman Thunderbolt VI, named in tribute to the P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bombers
U.S. Army Air Forces / National Archives (342-FH, 56032AC) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Pathfinders of the 101st, dropped in ahead of the cargo planes, set up a radar beacon near Bastogne, 23 December 1944
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives (NAID 531324) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Infantrymen attached to the 4th Armored Division fire on German troops during the drive to relieve Bastogne, 27 December 1944
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives (NAID 531242) · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs, 1948, in a publicity photo made for the announcement of the transistor
AT&T / Bell Telephone Laboratories · Public domain
Source ↗ - A replica of the first point-contact transistor: gold foil on a plastic wedge, pressed onto germanium by a spring
Florian Schäffer / Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - The Genesis of the Transistor, a 1965 Bell Labs film
AT&T Archives and History Center (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: AT&T (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Title card of The Transistor, a 1953 Bell Labs film
AT&T Archives and History Center (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: AT&T (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - From a 1980s Bell Labs film on the invention of the transistor
AT&T Archives and History Center (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: AT&T (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Brattain at the bench with Bardeen and Shockley behind him, from Bell Telephone Magazine, 1948
American Telephone and Telegraph Co. / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - U.S. Patent 2,524,035, Bardeen and Brattain's point-contact transistor, granted 3 October 1950
John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain / Bell Telephone Laboratories · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Bardeen, 1948
AT&T / Bell Telephone Laboratories · Public domain
Source ↗ - A replica of Jack Kilby's first integrated circuit, built at Texas Instruments in 1958
Florian Schäffer / Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Walter Brattain, 1948
AT&T / Bell Telephone Laboratories · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Shockley, 1956
Nobel Foundation · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mervin J. Kelly, Bell Telephone Laboratories
American Telephone and Telegraph Co. / Internet Archive (Bell Telephone Magazine) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A silicon wafer of Intel Haswell processors, each die a grid of transistors far too small to see, 2012
Intel Free Press · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - The Regency TR-1 of 1954, the first transistor radio sold, opened to show its circuit board
Theoprakt / Deutsches Museum · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - The chip layout of the Intel 4004 of 1971, the first microprocessor, with 2,300 transistors
Wolfgang Stief; derivative by Pittigrilli · CC0
Source ↗ - Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, New Jersey, 1942, where the solid-state group did its work
Gottscho-Schleisner Collection / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - An Air Force SR-71A lights both afterburners on a fog-shrouded takeoff from RAF Mildenhall, England, in 1983.
TSgt. Jose Lopez / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - An SR-71 of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing slides in behind a KC-135Q tanker to take on fuel.
Ken Hackman / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Video still: the SR-71 at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution
Source ↗ - Video still: SR-71 pilot Col. Buz Carpenter at the National Air and Space Museum.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution
Source ↗ - Video still: Walter Watson, the first African-American SR-71 crewmember.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution
Source ↗ - A CIA A-12, the single-seat forerunner of the SR-71, above the clouds.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Video still: a Pratt & Whitney J58 engine at the Air Zoo.
Air Zoo Aerospace & Science Center (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Air Zoo
Source ↗ - Shock diamonds stream from both J58 engines as NASA's SR-71B leaves the runway at Edwards in 1992.
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Blackbirds take shape by hand on the Skunk Works floor in Burbank, California.
Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Source ↗ - Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, founder of Lockheed's Skunk Works, with a U-2 in 1966.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Jerome F. O'Malley, U.S. Air Force, in his official portrait.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brig. Gen. Eldon "Al" Joersz as commander of the 4th Fighter Wing, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, 1993.
Helene C. Stikkel / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Ed Yeilding suits up for the record coast-to-coast flight of 6 March 1990.
SSgt. Scott P. Stewart / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - An SR-71A from overhead in 1988: the long chined nose, the delta wing and two engine nacelles nearly as long as a fighter.
TSgt. Michael Haggerty / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Blackbird of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing refuels from a KC-10 Extender against the sunset.
SSgt. Bill Thompson / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - An SR-71A rolls out under its drag chute at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California.
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - An Interface Message Processor built by BBN for ARPA, at the Computer History Museum, with SAGE air-defense computer racks behind it
Marcin Wichary / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - UCLA’s IMP log for 29 October 1969: at 22:30 Charley Kline wrote “Talked to SRI Host to Host”
Andrew “FastLizard4” Adams / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Leonard Kleinrock sketches the first ARPANET link at UCLA
UCLA (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: UCLA (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in a Franklin Institute tribute
The Franklin Institute (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: The Franklin Institute (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - “The ARPA Network, Dec 1969, 4 Nodes”: the hand-drawn map of UCLA, SRI, UCSB and Utah and their host computers
DARPA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bob Taylor, who started the ARPANET, speaking in 2008
Gardner Campbell / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - BBN’s map of the ARPANET as of 30 June 1982, months before the switch to TCP/IP
BBN Technologies / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - The SDS Sigma 7 at UCLA, the first host computer connected to the ARPANET, which sent “LO” to SRI
Andrew “FastLizard4” Adams / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn and President George W. Bush at the Presidential Medal of Freedom ceremony, White House, 9 November 2005
Paul Morse / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - J.C.R. Licklider, ARPA, about 1963
Unknown photographer, DARPA / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Larry Roberts at the Internet Hall of Fame induction, April 2012 (cropped from group photo)
Brewster Kahle / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Leonard Kleinrock
TippyZora / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Vint Cerf, 2010
Veni Markovski / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 3.0
Source ↗ - Front panel of IMP No. 1, the first node of the ARPANET, back in room 3420 of UCLA’s Boelter Hall
FastLizard4 / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Route of the first major TCP internetwork demonstration, 22 November 1977, from an SRI van across three networks, on display at the Computer History Museum
Marcin Wichary / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Service label on an IMP at the Computer History Museum: model 516, IMP No. 10, with the phone number of BBN’s Network Control Center
Cory Doctorow / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - A Marine Corsair pulls up through the smoke after a napalm strike as 7th Marines watch from the road south of Hagaru-ri, 6 December 1950 (A-5464)
Sgt. Frank C. Kerr, USMC / National Museum of the U.S. Navy (330-PS-971) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines march down Funchilin Pass past the gatehouse after the airdropped Treadway bridge went in, 9 December 1950 (A5408)
Sgt. William R. Keating, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rifle inspection of Fox Company, 7th Marines, near Hagaru-ri, 1950
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections (Oliver P. Smith Collection) · CC BY 2.0 (official USMC photograph)
Source ↗ - Gen. Raymond G. Davis, USMC, Medal of Honor recipient for the relief of Fox Company at Toktong Pass
Official USMC photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Chosin veteran recalls the battle in "Marines Remember the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir" (video still)
MC1 Pedro A. Rodriguez, U.S. Navy / DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗ - Frost-covered Marines of the 5th and 7th Regiments, who threw back three Chinese divisions at Yudam-ni, get the word to move out, December 1950 (127-N-A4852)
Sgt. Frank C. Kerr, USMC / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Demolition charges level the port of Hungnam as the high-speed transport USS Begor stands by for the last boats out, 24 December 1950 (80-G-K-11771)
U.S. Navy photograph / National Archives, via Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - A VMO-6 light plane and a Marine R4D transport on the Hagaru-ri airstrip the engineers cut from frozen ground, December 1950
Sgt. W. R. Keating, USMC / Department of Defense (127-GK-234F-A5687) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Oliver P. Smith, USMC, who commanded the 1st Marine Division at the Chosin Reservoir
Official USMC photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - Col. Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller, commanding officer of the 1st Marines, circa 1950
Official USMC photograph / Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections (Lewis B. Puller Collection) · CC BY 2.0 (official USMC photograph)
Source ↗ - Capt. William E. Barber, USMC, wearing the Medal of Honor earned holding Toktong Pass
Official USMC photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines move forward along the narrow-gauge rail line after close air support flushes the enemy from the hillsides, December 1950 (A-5439)
Official USMC photograph / National Museum of the U.S. Navy (330-PS-971) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The blown bridge over the penstocks in Funchilin Pass: the gap the division had to span to bring its vehicles out, December 1950 (A5376)
Official USMC photograph / Department of Defense, via USMC History Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - 1st Marine Division Marines rest beside a tank on a snow-covered roadside after beating off an ambush, December 1950 (A-5469)
Sgt. Frank C. Kerr, USMC / National Museum of the U.S. Navy (330-PS-971) · Public domain
Source ↗ - B-24 Liberators on Ford’s final assembly lines at Willow Run, photographed by Howard Hollem, 1942–43
Howard R. Hollem, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A team of women working inside a center wing section of a B-24E Liberator at Willow Run, 1942–43
Howard R. Hollem, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thumbnail of The Henry Ford’s Innovation Nation segment on Willow Run
The Henry Ford / YouTube · Copyrighted: The Henry Ford
Source ↗ - A small part of the world’s largest one-story war plant: fixtures for bomber wings stretch across the Willow Run floor, July 1942
Ann Rosener, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Willow Run worker installs screws in one end of a bomber wing segment, July 1942
Ann Rosener, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The outer wing panel of a bomber takes shape in its assembly fixture at Willow Run, July 1942
Ann Rosener, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Roosevelt at the microphones for a national radio address, 11 September 1941
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Women spot-weld parts for a bomber’s engine nacelle in the giant plant at Willow Run, July 1942
Ann Rosener, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - B-24 Liberators on the Willow Run flight line, 1942–43
Howard R. Hollem, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - B-24 Liberators on the Willow Run line that Charles Sorensen sketched in a single night in 1941. No free portrait of Sorensen is available.
Howard R. Hollem, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edsel Ford, president of Ford Motor Company, 1921
Frank Moore Studio / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Women build a B-24 wing section at Willow Run, where Rose Will Monroe riveted. No free photo of Monroe herself is available.
Howard R. Hollem, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Henry Ford, photographed by Fred Hartsook, 1919
Fred Hartsook / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Installing one of the four engines on a plane at Willow Run, photographed in color by Howard Hollem
Howard R. Hollem, Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - USA against the Soviet Union in the Olympic Field House, Lake Placid, 22 February 1980. Defenseman Mike Ramsey (5) carries the puck in the Soviet zone
Henry Zbyszynski (Flickr: hankzby) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - President Carter welcomes the U.S. Winter Olympians, hockey players among them, from the Truman Balcony of the White House, 25 February 1980
White House Staff Photographers / Jimmy Carter Presidential Library (NARA), via White House Historical Association · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title frame of ESPN's "Final Minute of the Miracle on Ice" (YouTube thumbnail)
ESPN (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: ESPN (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A hockey game in the Olympic Field House during the 1980 Winter Games at Lake Placid
Dr. John Kelley / NOAA National Weather Service Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - The U.S. team celebrates the win over the Soviet Union (NBC Sports YouTube thumbnail)
NBC Sports (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: NBC Sports (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Mike Eruzione, 1984
Press photo, photographer unknown · Public domain
Source ↗ - Members of the gold-medal hockey team in their USA jackets at the White House reception in the State Dining Room, 25 February 1980
White House Staff Photographers / Jimmy Carter Presidential Library (NARA), via White House Historical Association · Public domain
Source ↗ - Members of the 1980 team with President Trump in the Oval Office in December 2025, when he signed the Miracle on Ice Congressional Gold Medal Act
Official White House Photo, via White House Historical Association · Public domain
Source ↗ - Herb Brooks, 1983
New York Rangers / NHL press photo · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jim Craig with the Boston Bruins, 1980–81
Boston Bruins team photo · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mark Johnson with the New Jersey Devils, 1985
New Jersey Devils postcard, photographer unknown · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Lake Placid rink where the U.S. beat the Soviet Union, renamed Herb Brooks Arena in 2005
KevinTR / Wikimedia Commons · CC0
Source ↗ - American flags in the crowd at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid
Dr. John Kelley / NOAA National Weather Service Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Salt Lake City cauldron burns after members of the 1980 team lit it to open the 2002 Winter Olympics, 8 February 2002
JO1 Preston Keres / U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lewis and Clark Reach Shoshone Camp Led by Sacajawea, Charles M. Russell, 1918.
Charles M. Russell / Gilcrease Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Pacific at the mouth of the Columbia River, seen from Cape Disappointment, which Lewis and Clark both explored in November 1805.
Jake Bonello / U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Clark’s tally of the vote at Station Camp, 24 November 1805, with York’s vote and Sacagawea’s (“Janey”) recorded.
William Clark, Elkskin-bound Journal / Missouri Historical Society · Public domain
Source ↗ - Meriwether Lewis, painted by Charles Willson Peale, about 1807.
Charles Willson Peale / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - York, Clark’s enslaved man, in an earth lodge at the Knife River villages in the winter of 1804–05. Charles M. Russell, 1908.
Charles M. Russell / Montana Historical Society · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Map of Lewis and Clark’s Track, Across the Western Portion of North America, from Clark’s original drawing, published 1814.
William Clark; engraved by Samuel Harrison / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lewis and Clark Meeting the Flathead Indians at Ross’ Hole, 4 September 1805. Charles M. Russell’s 1912 mural in the Montana State Capitol.
Charles M. Russell / Montana State Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - The White Cliffs of the Missouri in Montana, which Lewis called “seens of visionary inchantment” on 31 May 1805.
Bob Wick / Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Clark, painted by Charles Willson Peale, about 1810.
Charles Willson Peale / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - Statue of Sakakawea (Sacagawea) with her son, by Leonard Crunelle, in the U.S. Capitol. No portrait of her made from life exists.
Leonard Crunelle (sculptor) / Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - Patrick Gass in old age, from Gaston’s Centennial History of Oregon, 1912.
Joseph Gaston, Centennial History of Oregon (1912) · Public domain
Source ↗ - “W Clark July 25 1806,” carved by Clark into Pompeys Pillar on the Yellowstone River on the way home.
Bob Wick / Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lemhi Pass on the Continental Divide, where Lewis crossed into present Idaho on 12 August 1805.
Bureau of Land Management Idaho · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Falcon 9 carries the GPS III-SV09 satellite toward orbit from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, on 27 January 2026.
Gwendolyn Kurzen / U.S. Space Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - A full-scale GPS satellite in the Mark I space chamber at Arnold Engineering Development Center, Tennessee, in 1977, a year before the first launch.
U.S. Air Force / Arnold Engineering Development Complex · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bradford Parkinson delivers his Stanford Engineering Hero lecture, "GPS for Humanity."
Stanford Online (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Stanford University
Source ↗ - An Air Force officer speaks on GPS at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution
Source ↗ - Roger Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory in 1978.
Morrow / U.S. Naval Research Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - Navy mathematician Gladys West and colleague Sam Smith at work at Dahlgren, Virginia, in 1985.
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Navigation Technology Satellite 2, built by the Naval Research Laboratory and launched in 1977 with atomic clocks aboard.
U.S. Navy / Naval Research Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - Col. Bradford Parkinson, U.S. Air Force, in his official photograph of July 1977.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Ronald Reagan, official portrait, 1981.
Michael Evans / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - Senior Airman Nayibe Ramos runs a checklist during GPS satellite operations with the 2nd Space Operations Squadron at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado, in 2004.
Airman 1st Class Mike Meares / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dr. Gladys West at the Pentagon on 6 December 2018, the day the Air Force inducted her into its Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame.
Adrian Cadiz / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - A GPS Block IIIA satellite in orbit, 12,550 miles above the Earth (artist's impression).
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - M1A1 Abrams tanks and armored vehicles of the 3rd Armored Division move out across open desert during Operation Desert Storm.
PHC D. W. Holmes II / U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Roger Easton (left), who led the Naval Research Laboratory's Timation program, with a fellow NRL program manager and a satellite model.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Transit 5-A, an early satellite of the Navy's Transit system built by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, in the Smithsonian's collection.
National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution · Public domain (CC0 1.0)
Source ↗ - Washington stands at the head of the Assembly Room as the delegates sign the Constitution, 17 September 1787 (Howard Chandler Christy, 1940).
Howard Chandler Christy / Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - The carved half sun on the back of Washington's chair. On the last day Franklin decided it was a rising sun.
NPS photo / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - A More Perfect Union, Mount Vernon's film on Washington and the making of the Constitution (video still).
George Washington's Mount Vernon (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: George Washington's Mount Vernon
Source ↗ - Constitution 101: The Constitutional Convention (video title card).
National Constitution Center (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: National Constitution Center
Source ↗ - Visitors view the Constitution in the Rotunda of the National Archives (video still).
U.S. National Archives (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Page one of the signed Constitution, opening with the words We the People.
U.S. National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - A page from James Madison's manuscript notes on the Federal Convention, in his own hand.
James Madison Papers / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - James Madison (Gilbert Stuart, c. 1821).
Gilbert Stuart / National Gallery of Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Assembly Room of Independence Hall, with the President's chair on the dais where Washington presided.
Andrew Rehbein / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Gouverneur Morris (Ezra Ames, 1817).
Ezra Ames · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington watches Gouverneur Morris sign while Franklin looks on (Henry Hintermeister, The Foundation of American Government, 1925).
Henry Hintermeister · Public domain
Source ↗ - The chair John Folwell made in 1779 for the Pennsylvania Assembly. Washington sat in it all summer as President of the Convention.
NPS photo / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - Independence Hall, the old Pennsylvania State House, where the Convention met behind closed doors from May to September 1787.
NPS photo / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - The signatures on the last page of the Constitution, grouped by state.
U.S. National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - A View of the Bombardment of Fort McHenry: British bomb ships shell the fort on the morning of 13 September 1814 (John Bower, aquatint, c. 1816).
John Bower / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - By Dawn’s Early Light: Francis Scott Key sees the flag still flying over Fort McHenry (Edward Percy Moran, 1913).
Edward Percy Moran / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Battle of Fort McHenry (video thumbnail).
American Battlefield Trust (video still) · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A 15-star flag flies over the parade ground inside Fort McHenry today.
Northern-Virginia-Photographer / Wikimedia Commons · CC0
Source ↗ - Visitors unfold a full-size replica of the flag at the National Museum of American History (video thumbnail).
National Museum of American History (video still) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The first known photograph of the Star-Spangled Banner, Boston Navy Yard, 1873. The man at the bottom gives the scale.
George Henry Preble / National Star-Spangled Banner Centennial Commission (1914) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. George Armistead (Rembrandt Peale, about 1816).
Rembrandt Peale / Maryland Center for History and Culture · Public domain
Source ↗ - Key’s own manuscript of the song, four verses on one sheet (photographed 1914).
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith (Rembrandt Peale, 1817).
Rembrandt Peale / Maryland Center for History and Culture · Public domain
Source ↗ - Francis Scott Key (attributed to Joseph Wood, c. 1825).
Attributed to Joseph Wood / Walters Art Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mary Young Pickersgill, from a portrait made about 1853 (photographed 1914).
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Fireworks burst behind a 15-star flag over Fort McHenry on the anniversary of the battle.
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - The flag laid out in the Smithsonian Castle in 1914, two years after Armistead’s grandson gave it to the nation.
Smithsonian Institution Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Amelia Fowler’s team of needlewomen stitches the flag to a linen backing at the Smithsonian, 1914.
Smithsonian Institution Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 20th Maine charges down Little Round Top with fixed bayonets, 2 July 1863, in H. Charles McBarron Jr.'s National Guard Heritage painting.
H. Charles McBarron Jr. / National Guard Bureau · Public domain
Source ↗ - Stone breastworks Union troops threw up on Little Round Top, with Big Round Top behind, photographed by Timothy O'Sullivan in July 1863.
Timothy H. O'Sullivan / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ranger Chuck Teague leads a program on the slopes of Little Round Top (video thumbnail).
Gettysburg National Military Park (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ranger Matt Atkinson on Little Round Top (video thumbnail).
Gettysburg National Military Park (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Autumn on the crest of Little Round Top, looking west over the battlefield.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Little Round Top tour with the American Battlefield Trust (video thumbnail).
American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, photographed by Mathew Brady's studio during the war.
Mathew Brady studio / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edwin Forbes sketched this view from the summit of Little Round Top in 1863, with Union guns firing on Longstreet's advance in the valley below.
Edwin Forbes / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Veterans of the 20th Maine gather on Little Round Top in 1889, with Chamberlain seated at center right between the Fifth Corps cross and the regimental flag.
Unknown photographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - Strong Vincent in uniform, photographed in Erie, Pennsylvania.
Dolph Bros., Erie, Pa. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gouverneur K. Warren, photographed by Mathew Brady's studio.
Mathew Brady studio / National Archives (528633) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Patrick O'Rorke in cadet gray, from the album of the West Point class of June 1861, which he led.
Unknown photographer / Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, NPS · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren's bronze statue stands on the rock where he spotted the danger, looking west over the ground the Confederates crossed.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Attack on Little Round Top, held by the Fifth Corps: Edwin Forbes's 1865 oil, with the two Round Tops rising above the smoke.
Edwin Forbes / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The boulder-strewn slope of Little Round Top, photographed in 1863.
Library of Congress, Civil War photographs (LC-B817-7318) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 20th Maine's monument marks the center of the regiment's line, where its colors stood. Its veterans dedicated it on 3 October 1889.
GorianEmpathy / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Dauntless dive bombers of Scouting Squadron 8 from USS Hornet close on the burning Japanese heavy cruiser Mikuma, 6 June 1942 (80-G-17054).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Japanese carrier Hiryu burning at sunrise on 5 June 1942, her forward elevator thrown upright by the explosions in her hangar (NH 73064).
Ens. Kiyoshi Oniwa, Imperial Japanese Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Carrier deck footage from Destination Point Luck, the Defense Department's documentary on Midway.
U.S. Department of Defense (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Torpedo Squadron 8 airmen aboard Hornet in John Ford's 1942 memorial film.
U.S. Navy / John Ford (video still via USS Hornet Museum) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hiryu swings hard to dodge bombs from Army B-17s high overhead, 4 June 1942 (USAF-3725).
U.S. Army Air Forces / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dive bomber pilot Norman “Dusty” Kleiss recalls his attack on the carrier Kaga.
The National WWII Museum (video still) · Copyrighted: The National WWII Museum (video thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The pilots of Torpedo Squadron 8 aboard USS Hornet in May 1942: Lt. Cmdr. John Waldron stands third from left, and Ens. George Gay, the only one to survive the attack, kneels fourth from left (NH 93595).
U.S. Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hiryu's torpedo planes run in through a sky full of antiaircraft fire as they attack Yorktown, 4 June 1942 (80-G-11639).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The cruiser Mikuma afire and dead in the water, photographed from the gunner's seat of a Dauntless, 6 June 1942 (80-G-17055).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - USS Yorktown takes a torpedo amidships on her port side during the afternoon attack by Hiryu's torpedo planes, 4 June 1942 (80-G-414423).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Joseph J. Rochefort, officer in charge of Station Hypo at Pearl Harbor (NH 84826).
U.S. Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, circa 1942 (80-G-466244).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - C. Wade McClusky, commander of the Enterprise Air Group at Midway, photographed circa 1943 (NH 93187).
U.S. Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Richard H. Best as a Naval Academy midshipman, 1932.
Lucky Bag, U.S. Naval Academy, 1932 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Yorktown in Dry Dock No. 1 at Pearl Harbor on 29 May 1942, two days after arriving from the Coral Sea; she sailed for Midway the next morning (80-G-13065).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Midway Atoll from the air on 24 November 1941, with the airfield on Eastern Island in front and Sand Island beyond (80-G-451086).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bird’s-eye view of the opening-night fireworks over the New York and Brooklyn Bridge, 24 May 1883.
A. Major, publisher / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - A finished tower and the first wire ropes strung over the East River, about 1876.
Unidentified photographer / Brooklyn Museum · No known restrictions (public domain)
Source ↗ - The Great East River Suspension Bridge, seen from Brooklyn looking west, 1883.
Currier & Ives / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Frame from New Brooklyn to New York via Brooklyn Bridge, no. 2, filmed by Edison in September 1899.
Thomas A. Edison, Inc. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - John A. Roebling’s 1867 plan of one tower for the East River Bridge.
John A. Roebling / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Invitation to the opening ceremonies, Thursday, 24 May 1883, at two o’clock.
Tiffany & Co. / Brooklyn Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - The bridge from the air, looking east toward Brooklyn, with the Manhattan Bridge upriver, 1982.
Jet Lowe, Historic American Engineering Record / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sandhogs at the foot of the supply shaft inside the Brooklyn caisson, under the East River, 1870.
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 15 October 1870 / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The bridge lit up at night against Lower Manhattan, 1982.
Jet Lowe, Historic American Engineering Record / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - John A. Roebling, about 1869.
Unidentified photographer / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Washington A. Roebling, with his bridge in the window behind him, about 1899.
Théobald Chartran / Brooklyn Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Emily Warren Roebling in cap and gown after completing the Woman’s Law Class at New York University, 1899.
Unidentified photographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - The workers’ footbridge climbing to a finished tower during the cable work.
American Views stereograph, Robert N. Dennis Collection / New York Public Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - New Yorkers on the promenade, the raised walkway John Roebling designed for people on foot, early 1900s.
Detroit Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A crowd surrounds the Spirit of St. Louis at Roosevelt Field, Long Island, before Lindbergh's takeoff for Paris, 20 May 1927.
Underwood & Underwood / National Air and Space Museum Archives, Smithsonian (SI-77-2701) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The men who built the Spirit in San Diego: Hawley Bowlus, B. F. Mahoney, Charles Lindbergh, Donald Hall and A. J. Edwards of Ryan Airlines, 1927.
Erickson, San Diego / San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives · Public domain (published 1927 in Aviation, 20 June, and in Lindbergh's “We”)
Source ↗ - Film coverage of the 1927 flight from the San Diego Air & Space Museum archives (YouTube thumbnail).
San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: San Diego Air & Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The cowling of the Spirit of St. Louis in a Smithsonian video (YouTube thumbnail).
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution
Source ↗ - The Spirit of St. Louis today at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum in Washington.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum · Public domain (CC0)
Source ↗ - Looking forward from the pilot's seat: instruments, and behind them the fuel tank. There is no front window.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum · Public domain (CC0)
Source ↗ - The Spirit of St. Louis back at the Ryan plant in San Diego, 1927 (YouTube thumbnail).
San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: San Diego Air & Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Donald A. Hall, the 29-year-old Ryan Airlines engineer who designed the Spirit of St. Louis, as pictured in Popular Science Monthly, November 1927.
Popular Science Monthly, November 1927, p. 32 (photographer unknown) · Public domain (published 1927, before 1931)
Source ↗ - Charles A. Lindbergh, 1927.
Underwood & Underwood / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian · Public domain (CC0)
Source ↗ - The Spirit of St. Louis flies over the French countryside, photographed from the wing of a French biplane, 1927.
Agence Meurisse / Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain
Source ↗ - B. F. Mahoney, president of Ryan Airlines, 1927.
Agence Meurisse / Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain
Source ↗ - Raymond Orteig, the New York hotelier who put up the $25,000 prize.
Bain News Service / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The wicker seat Lindbergh sat in for 33 and a half hours, chosen to save weight.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum · Public domain (CC0)
Source ↗ - Crowds gather at Le Bourget airfield outside Paris ahead of Lindbergh's arrival, May 1927.
Agence Meurisse / Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain
Source ↗ - Home again: Lindbergh and his mother with President and Mrs. Coolidge in Washington, June 1927.
National Photo Company / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Workers on Ford’s first moving assembly line build flywheel magnetos at Highland Park, 1913.
Ford Motor Company · Public domain
Source ↗ - Car bodies slide down a ramp onto finished chassis outside the Highland Park plant, 1913.
Ford Motor Company / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Model T chassis ride the moving assembly line at Highland Park.
Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Inside Albert Kahn’s Highland Park plant today.
WTTW (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: WTTW
Source ↗ - Henry Ford between the ten millionth Model T and his first car, the 1896 Quadricycle, 1924.
Detroit Publishing Company / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Shift change at the Ford Motor Company plant, 1910s.
Detroit Publishing Company / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Henry Ford at the wheel of the fifteen millionth Model T, with Edsel Ford beside him, 26 May 1927.
William Creswell, via Flickr · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Model T chassis ride the moving line at Highland Park that Clarence Avery laid out. No free portrait of Avery is available.
Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - James Couzens, Ford’s vice president and general manager, as a U.S. senator, 1922
National Photo Company / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ford’s Highland Park plant, where the moving assembly line was born, 1910s.
Detroit Publishing Company / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Henry Ford with a Model T in Buffalo, New York, 1921.
Unknown photographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - The dynamo room at Pearl Street: Jumbo dynamos coupled straight to their steam engines, from an 1880s engraving
Deutsches Museum Bildarchiv · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edison with his Menlo Park team on the laboratory porch, Francis Upton and Charles Batchelor beside him
Thomas Edison National Historical Park / National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edison and his staff testing lamps in the Menlo Park laboratory, a period engraving shown in the IEEE REACH video
IEEE REACH (video frame of a 19th-century engraving) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The upstairs laboratory at Menlo Park, rebuilt by Henry Ford at Greenfield Village, where Edison’s team made the carbon lamp
Andrew Balet / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.5
Source ↗ - A lamp from the New Year’s Eve 1879 demonstration at Menlo Park, with a filament of carbonized cardboard
HumanisticRationale / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 3.0
Source ↗ - John Kruesi, from William J. Hammer’s composite of Edison’s pioneer associates
William J. Hammer / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Front page of The Daily Graphic, New York, 3 January 1880
The Daily Graphic / Thomas A. Edison Papers, Rutgers · Public domain
Source ↗ - Harper’s Weekly, 1882: Edison crews lay the tubes for the electric mains under the streets of New York
Harper’s Weekly · Public domain
Source ↗ - The glassblowing crew of the Edison lamp factory at Menlo Park, 1880
Thomas Edison National Historical Park / National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thomas Edison, about 1882
Charles Scribner’s Sons / Heritage Auctions · Public domain
Source ↗ - Charles Batchelor in April 1878, from a Mathew Brady studio portrait with Edison and his phonograph
Mathew Brady studio / Thomas Edison National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - Francis Robbins Upton
Smithsonian Institution Libraries · Public domain
Source ↗ - Steam engines and dynamos inside the Edison Electric Illuminating Company’s Pearl Street Station, from a period engraving
U.S. Department of Energy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edison’s patent drawing for the electric lamp, U.S. Patent 223,898, granted 27 January 1880
U.S. National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rows of iron lungs breathe for polio patients in a hospital ward, about 1953.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jonas Salk’s own syringe and vials from his first vaccine tests near Pittsburgh in 1952.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History · CC0
Source ↗ - A newspaper headline from April 1955 on the Salk vaccine, from March of Dimes archival film.
March of Dimes (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: March of Dimes (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Two Polio Pioneers show off their badge.
University of Michigan School of Public Health (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: University of Michigan (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Title card of The Polio Crusade, American Experience.
WGBH / PBS (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: WGBH Educational Foundation (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - President Roosevelt buys a certificate enrolling him as a founder of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, 17 January 1938.
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Missy LeHand, President Roosevelt’s secretary, digs through the first March of Dimes mail at the White House, 28 January 1938.
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thomas Francis Jr.
Fabian Bachrach / Wellcome Collection · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - Jonas Salk, 1959.
SAS Scandinavian Airlines · Public domain
Source ↗ - Basil O’Connor, president of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies · Free with attribution (IFRC)
Source ↗ - President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hyde Park, New York, 21 August 1944.
Leon A. Perskie / Franklin D. Roosevelt Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Children line up for their polio shots at a Mississippi clinic, 1956.
Mississippi Department of Archives and History · No known restrictions
Source ↗ - Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, Basil O’Connor and Eleanor Roosevelt at the dedication of the Polio Hall of Fame, Warm Springs, Georgia, 2 January 1958.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Families wait their turn at a polio vaccine clinic in Mississippi, 1956.
Mississippi Department of Archives and History · No known restrictions
Source ↗ - Jonas Salk at Copenhagen Airport on a 1959 visit to Denmark’s State Serum Institute.
SAS Scandinavian Airlines · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jesse Owens in flight in the long jump at the Olympic Stadium, Berlin, August 1936
National Archives and Records Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - The long jump medal ceremony, Berlin, 4 August 1936: Owens salutes the flag between Naoto Tajima of Japan, third, and Luz Long of Germany, second
Associated Press · Public domain (AP photo published in U.S. newspapers 1936 without notice; no renewal)
Source ↗ - Title frame of the Olympic Channel’s “Jesse Owens’ Historic Wins at the Berlin 1936 Olympics” (YouTube thumbnail)
Olympic Channel (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: International Olympic Committee (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Title frame of the Olympic Channel’s “Jesse Owens Explains the Mind of a Sprinter” (YouTube thumbnail)
Olympic Channel (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: International Olympic Committee (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Owens drives out of his start in the Olympic 200 metres, Berlin, 1936
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division (from Die Olympischen Spiele 1936) · No known restrictions on publication (Library of Congress)
Source ↗ - Owens and Ralph Metcalfe at the U.S. Olympic trials on Randall’s Island, New York, July 1936
Robert Yarnall Richie / SMU Libraries Digital Collections · Public domain (no known copyright restrictions per SMU DeGolyer Library, holder of the Richie collection; no renewal found)
Source ↗ - Owens, baton in hand, in the 4×100 metres relay at Berlin, 1936
Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection, Library of Congress · No known restrictions on publication (Library of Congress)
Source ↗ - Still wearing his victor’s oak wreath, Owens holds his Olympic gold medals in Berlin, 1936
International News Photos · Public domain (published in U.S. newspapers 1936; no renewal in 1963–64 Copyright Office records)
Source ↗ - Jesse Owens at the U.S. Olympic trials, July 1936
Acme News Photos · Public domain (Acme press print issued 1936 without copyright notice)
Source ↗ - Larry Snyder as Ohio State's assistant track coach, two years before he took over the program, 1930
The Makio 1930 (Ohio State University yearbook), p. 108 · Public domain (published 1930, before 1931)
Source ↗ - Ralph Metcalfe at the Los Angeles Olympics, 1932
Agence Rol / Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain
Source ↗ - Owens in mid-flight over the long jump pit before a packed stadium in California in the 1930s
Los Angeles Daily News / UCLA Library Special Collections · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - Owens of Ohio State races University of California sprinters in front of a full stadium in the 1930s
Los Angeles Daily News / UCLA Library Special Collections · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - Air Force C-47s in the unloading line at Tempelhof. In the first weeks of the airlift these small twin-engine transports carried everything from engine crates to milk bottles.
U.S. Air Force / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - A C-54 Skymaster makes a Little Vittles candy drop on approach to Berlin. The tiny parachutes are visible below its tail.
U.S. Air Force / National Museum of the U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - C-54s unload on Tempelhof’s snow-covered ramp while another transport comes in overhead. The airlift delivered supplies to Berlin every single day.
U.S. Air Force / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Aerial view of Tempelhof Air Force Base, Berlin, with airlift transports on its curved ramp.
U.S. Air Force / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Harry S. Truman, about 1947.
Harry S. Truman Library / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Lucius D. Clay at the Pentagon on his return from Germany, May 1949.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - West Berliners collect their weekly coal ration during the airlift.
U.S. Air Force / National Museum of the U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - The first C-54 comes in to land at the new Tegel airfield during its opening ceremony, 5 November 1948.
U.S. Army Signal Corps / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Berliners line the edge of Tempelhof to watch an airlift transport land, 1948.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Gen. William H. Tunner, official U.S. Air Force portrait.
U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - 1st Lt. Gail S. Halvorsen in his quarters, rigging candy bars to handkerchief parachutes, 1948.
U.S. Air Force, via DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗ - Berliners on a mound of rubble watch an American C-82 Packet come in low over the city, 1948.
Photographer unidentified, via Wikimedia Commons · Public domain (PD-old-70 per Wikimedia Commons; photographer and original publication unverified)
Source ↗ - Flour sacks fill a C-54 at Rhein-Main before the flight to Tempelhof, 14 July 1948. This airplane had come from Alaska to join Operation Vittles.
U.S. Air Force / National Archives, via U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - Pvt. William Moore of the 759th Engineers grades a new 5,500-foot runway at Tempelhof as a C-54 comes in to land.
U.S. Air Force / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Children who live by Tempelhof play “Luftbrücke,” the airlift game, with model American planes, 1948.
National Archives, via U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Reagan speaks to the crowd at the Brandenburg Gate, West Berlin, 12 June 1987. The Wall runs behind the stage
White House Photographic Office / Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (NARA) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Berliners pull each other up onto the Wall, 10 November 1989, the day after it opened
Viet / Wikimedia Commons · CC0
Source ↗ - Video thumbnail: Reagan’s address at the Brandenburg Gate
Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Institute (YouTube) · Copyrighted: Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Institute (video thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Video thumbnail: Peter Robinson on the line that was almost left unsaid
Stanford University (YouTube) · Copyrighted: Stanford University (video thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Video thumbnail: Kennedy’s Ich bin ein Berliner speech
CBS News (YouTube) · Copyrighted: CBS News (video thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Video thumbnail: NBC News special report from the Wall, 9 November 1989
C-SPAN American History TV (YouTube) · Copyrighted: NBC News / C-SPAN (video thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Speechwriter Peter Robinson with President Reagan on the White House Colonnade
White House Photographic Office / Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (NARA) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A West Berliner takes a hammer and chisel to the Wall for a souvenir, November 1989
SSgt. F. Lee Corkran, U.S. Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - U.S. Army M48 tanks hold the line at Checkpoint Charlie during the standoff with Soviet armor, October 1961
U.S. Army photo / U.S. Army Military History Institute · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Ronald Reagan, official portrait, 1981
Michael Evans, White House / Ronald Reagan Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office
Cecil Stoughton, White House / John F. Kennedy Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Kennedy speaks from the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg to a packed Rudolph Wilde Platz, West Berlin, 26 June 1963
Robert Knudsen, White House / John F. Kennedy Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Reagan at the podium behind panes of bulletproof glass, the Brandenburg Gate at his back, 12 June 1987
White House Photographic Office / Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (NARA) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Reagan and Chancellor Helmut Kohl look over the Wall into East Berlin from the Reichstag before the speech, 12 June 1987
White House Photographic Office / Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (NARA) · Public domain
Source ↗ - West Berliners cheer as East Germans drive through Checkpoint Charlie without border controls, November 1989
SSgt. F. Lee Corkran, U.S. Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Wall of Names at the Flight 93 National Memorial, with the Ceremonial Gate looking out toward the crash site
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Flight 93’s route on 11 September 2001: east from Newark, turned back over Ohio, down near Shanksville
National Park Service (map cleanup by National Park Maps) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Flight 93 National Memorial from the air, December 2024
Designism · CC0
Source ↗ - Airfone supervisor Lisa Jefferson, who took Todd Beamer’s call
CBS News · Copyrighted: CBS News
Source ↗ - President George W. Bush speaks at the Flight 93 National Memorial on the 20th anniversary, 11 September 2021
George W. Bush Presidential Center (NPS footage) · Copyrighted: George W. Bush Presidential Center
Source ↗ - The overlook above the crash site: “A common field one day. A field of honor forever.”
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - The walkway through the visitor center walls follows Flight 93’s final flight path
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - A flag flies over Gate A17 at Newark, where Flight 93 pushed back on 11 September 2001
Tshevlin (English Wikipedia) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Todd Beamer’s name on the Wall of Names, Flight 93 National Memorial
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain (Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress: no known restrictions on publication)
Source ↗ - Tom Burnett’s name on the Wall of Names, Flight 93 National Memorial
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain (Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress: no known restrictions on publication)
Source ↗ - Jeremy Glick’s name on the Wall of Names, Flight 93 National Memorial
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain (Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress: no known restrictions on publication)
Source ↗ - Sandy Bradshaw’s name on the Wall of Names, Flight 93 National Memorial
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain (Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress: no known restrictions on publication)
Source ↗ - Wildflowers in front of the 93-foot Tower of Voices, which holds a wind chime for each of the forty
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - A boulder marks where Flight 93 came down, at the edge of the hemlock grove
James Steakley · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Flags and tributes from all over the country at the first, temporary memorial near Shanksville
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The plaque in the U.S. Capitol, dedicated in 2009: their sacrifice “may have saved the U.S. Capitol from destruction”
Office of the Speaker of the House (Nancy Pelosi) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Steve Jobs introduces the iPhone at Macworld, Moscone West, San Francisco, 9 January 2007
Blake Patterson · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Buyers line the sidewalk outside an AT&T store on Broadway, New York, on iPhone launch day, 29 June 2007
Padraic Ryan · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Putting Your Finger On It: Creating the iPhone, Computer History Museum, 2017
Computer History Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Computer History Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The iPhone Generation, The Wall Street Journal, 2022
The Wall Street Journal (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Dow Jones & Company (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Putting a New World in Your Hands: The Impact of the iPhone, Computer History Museum, 2017
Computer History Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: Computer History Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The iPhone on public display for the first time, under a glass dome at Macworld, 9 January 2007
Arnold Reinhold · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - A wall of App Store icons at Moscone West during Apple’s 2009 developer conference
Karl Baron · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Corning shows its Gorilla Glass at the Consumer Electronics Show, Las Vegas, 2012
Doug Kline / Pop Culture Geek · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Typing on the iPhone’s glass keyboard on launch night in Seattle, 29 June 2007
Eli Duke (crop by Takuya Murata) · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Steve Jobs at Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference, 2010
Matthew Yohe · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Scott Forstall at Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference, 2012
Matt Yohe · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Tony Fadell at LeWeb, Paris, 2012
LeWeb (official photos) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Jony Ive in London, 2009
Gary Cohen · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Macworld attendees crowd the glass case holding the first iPhone, San Francisco, January 2007
JD Lasica · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Steve Jobs holds the iPhone during his Macworld keynote, 9 January 2007
JD Lasica · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Steve Jobs shows the iPhone’s new language support at Apple’s developer conference, June 2008, weeks before the App Store opened
Erik Pitti · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - The NY Waterway ferry Thomas Jefferson, Capt. Vincent Lombardi, pulls alongside Flight 1549 as passengers wait on the wings, 15 January 2009
Greg L (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Passengers stand on the wings and crowd into the slide/rafts minutes after the ditching, before the first boat arrives
Greg L (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - FDNY fireboats, police launches and ferries close around the Airbus as rescuers secure it in the Hudson, 15 January 2009
Chris Gardner / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. Chesley Sullenberger at a homecoming celebration in Danville, California, 24 January 2009
Ingrid Taylar (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - A New York City fireboat and rescue boats beside the sinking Airbus in the Hudson River
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG Press, Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - First Officer Jeffrey Skiles in his pilot's uniform, Madison, Wisconsin, 2011
Susan Ruggles (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - A crane lifts Flight 1549's missing left engine from the bottom of the Hudson, 23 January 2009
LaDonna Davis / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District · Public domain
Source ↗ - N106US, the airplane of Flight 1549, on display in Charlotte, the city it was bound for
RadioFan (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - The NY Waterway ferry Thomas Jefferson, Capt. Vincent Lombardi, pulls alongside Flight 1549 as passengers wait on the wing, 15 January 2009
Greg L (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Ferries, fireboats and Coast Guard boats gather around Flight 1549 off Midtown Manhattan, with the USS Intrepid in the foreground
Greg L (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Coast Guard boat 25640, one of the boats that answered the ditching, guards the moored airliner at Battery Park City the next day
PA3 Barbara L. Patton / U.S. Coast Guard · Public domain
Source ↗ - A feather recovered from the left engine; the Smithsonian matched the remains to migratory Canada geese
National Transportation Safety Board · Public domain
Source ↗ - NYPD scuba divers hand up a piece of engine cowling to an Army Corps of Engineers crew during the recovery, 21 January 2009
Chris Gardner / U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Obama, Vice President Biden and the national security team receive an update on the mission in the White House Situation Room, 1 May 2011
Pete Souza / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Obama announces the mission’s success to the nation from the East Room of the White House, 11:35 p.m., 1 May 2011
Pete Souza / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title frame of 60 Minutes’ “President Obama recounts the raid that killed Bin Laden” (YouTube thumbnail)
CBS News / 60 Minutes (video thumbnail) · Copyrighted: CBS News (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A handmade memorial left at Ground Zero the night the news broke: “Sept. 11, 2001 – May 1, 2011”
Timothy Krause (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - CIA imagery of the Abbottabad site in 2004, before the compound was built, and in 2011
Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Source ↗ - The scale model of the Abbottabad compound used to brief President Obama, now in the CIA Museum
Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Source ↗ - Leon Panetta, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, official portrait
Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Obama greets soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, 6 May 2011
Pete Souza / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Barack Obama, official portrait, 2009
Pete Souza · CC BY 3.0
Source ↗ - Vice Adm. William H. McRaven, commander of Joint Special Operations Command
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thousands of Americans gather outside the White House after the President’s announcement, night of 1–2 May 2011
Tegdude / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Candles and the flag in Times Square, New York, in the early hours of 2 May 2011
Josh Pesavento (Flickr) · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Firefighters of Engine 54, Ladder 4, Battalion 9, the “Pride of Midtown,” which lost 15 men on 9/11, toast President Obama, 5 May 2011
Pete Souza / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - Starship lifts off from Starbase, Texas, on its fifth flight test, 13 October 2024.
Steve Jurvetson · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - The tower’s arms close around Super Heavy Booster 12 as it returns to Starbase, 13 October 2024.
Steve Jurvetson · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Super Heavy descends toward the launch tower at Starbase (video still).
SpaceX · Copyrighted: SpaceX
Source ↗ - An early Falcon 9 landing attempt ends in flames on the drone ship (video still).
SpaceX · Copyrighted: SpaceX
Source ↗ - A long exposure traces Falcon 9’s climb and its first stage’s return to Landing Zone 1, Cape Canaveral, 21 December 2015.
SpaceX · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Falcon 1 lifts off from Omelek Island in the Kwajalein Atoll on its fourth flight, 28 September 2008, and reaches orbit.
SpaceX · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Falcon 9 lifts off from Launch Complex 39A with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley aboard Crew Dragon, 30 May 2020.
NASA / Joel Kowsky · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gwynne Shotwell at a pre-launch news conference for CRS-2, Kennedy Space Center, 28 February 2013 (KSC-2013-1704).
NASA / Kim Shiflett · Public domain
Source ↗ - SpaceX’s Dragon approaches the International Space Station over the Namib Desert, 25 May 2012 (ISS031-E-070943).
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Booster B1021 rides the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You after the first landing at sea, April 2016.
SpaceX · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Elon Musk at the post-launch news conference for CRS-8, Kennedy Space Center, 8 April 2016.
NASA / Kim Shiflett · Public domain
Source ↗ - Falcon 1 climbs to orbit on 28 September 2008 on a single Merlin engine, the engine Tom Mueller designed. No free portrait of Mueller is available.
SpaceX · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - A Falcon 9 first stage fires its engine to land on the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You, the landings Lars Blackmore’s team made work. No free portrait of Blackmore is available.
SpaceX · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Booster 12 comes home in three frames: the descent, the landing burn and the catch, 13 October 2024.
Steve Jurvetson; composite by Wikimedia Commons contributors · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - A Falcon 9 first stage lands on the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You after launching the CRS-8 cargo mission, 8 April 2016.
SpaceX · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - The first orbital booster ever to land stands upright on Landing Zone 1 after its return, December 2015.
SpaceX · CC0 (public domain)
Source ↗ - Perseverance takes a selfie with Ingenuity, about 13 feet away on the floor of Jezero Crater, 6 April 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ingenuity hovers over Wright Brothers Field on the first powered, controlled flight on another planet, seen by Perseverance's Navcam from 210 feet away, 19 April 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Ingenuity team in JPL's Space Flight Operations Facility reacts as data confirm the first flight, 19 April 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thumbnail: First Video of NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter in Flight
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thumbnail: Perseverance Rover's Descent and Touchdown on Mars
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thumbnail: Legacy of NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bob Balaram, Mars Helicopter chief engineer, at a flight test in JPL's Space Simulator, 18 January 2019
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mastcam-Z close-up of Ingenuity standing alone on Mars after dropping from Perseverance's belly, 5 April 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ingenuity photographs its own shadow from about ten feet up during the first flight, 19 April 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Teddy Tzanetos presents the Ingenuity aerial prototype donated to the Smithsonian's Udvar-Hazy Center, 15 December 2023
NASA / Joel Kowsky · Public domain
Source ↗ - MiMi Aung, Mars Helicopter project manager, watches a flight test in JPL's Space Simulator, 18 January 2019
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Håvard Grip, Ingenuity chief pilot, speaks at the Robert J. Collier Trophy dinner in Washington, 9 June 2022
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Teddy Tzanetos, Ingenuity project manager, addresses the team on its final shift at JPL, 16 April 2024
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - The descent stage lowers Perseverance on nylon cords seconds before touchdown in Jezero Crater, 18 February 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Perseverance's Mastcam-Z looks across Jezero Crater at Ingenuity, back on the ground after its first flight, 19 April 2021
NASA / JPL-Caltech / ASU · Public domain
Source ↗ - A swatch of muslin from the 1903 Wright Flyer's lower-left wing, wrapped around a cable beneath Ingenuity's solar panel
NASA / JPL-Caltech · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jack Aeby's color photograph of the Trinity fireball rising over the Jornada del Muerto, 16 July 1945.
Jack W. Aeby / Los Alamos Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Gadget in the shed atop the 100-foot Trinity tower, with Norris Bradbury (left) and Boyce McDaniel, July 1945.
Los Alamos National Laboratory / U.S. Department of Energy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title frame of The National WWII Museum's raw footage of the Trinity test.
The National WWII Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: The National WWII Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Title frame of The National WWII Museum's episode Eyewitness to Hiroshima, and the Enola Gay.
The National WWII Museum (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: The National WWII Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Calutron operators at their control panels in the Y-12 plant at Oak Ridge, 1944, under a sign reading Do Not Visit with Cubicle Operators.
Ed Westcott / U.S. Army Manhattan Engineer District / DOE Oak Ridge · Public domain
Source ↗ - Col. Paul W. Tibbets Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group and pilot of the Enola Gay, in the Marianas.
U.S. Army Air Forces · Public domain
Source ↗ - Chicago Pile-1, the first nuclear reactor, as built under the west stands of Stagg Field in 1942, drawn by Melvin A. Miller in 1946.
Melvin A. Miller / Argonne National Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - Oppenheimer (light hat) and Groves (in uniform) at the rubble of the Trinity tower at ground zero, September 1945.
U.S. Army Signal Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Trinity fireball six thousandths of a second after detonation, with a 100-meter scale bar.
Los Alamos National Laboratory / U.S. Department of Energy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Gen. Leslie R. Groves, who commanded the Manhattan Project, in his official portrait, about 1948.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, 1944.
U.S. Department of Energy / National Archives (558579) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Enrico Fermi, who led the team that started the first nuclear reactor, in the 1940s.
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Public Affairs · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Trinity fireball 16 thousandths of a second after detonation, already about 200 meters tall, photographed by Berlyn Brixner.
Berlyn Brixner / Los Alamos National Laboratory · Public domain
Source ↗ - K-25 rising at Oak Ridge in April 1944; finished, it put 44 acres under one roof and was the largest building in the world.
Ed Westcott / U.S. Army Manhattan Engineer District / DOE Oak Ridge · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hanford's 100-B Area in 1944, with B Reactor, the first full-scale plutonium production reactor in the world, at center.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers · Public domain
Source ↗ - The mushroom cloud over Nagasaki, 9 August 1945, photographed from a B-29 of the 509th Composite Group.
Charles Levy / U.S. Army Air Forces / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Fall of the Alamo: David Crockett swings his rifle as the Mexican assault breaks over the walls on 6 March 1836 (Robert Jenkins Onderdonk, c. 1903).
Robert Jenkins Onderdonk / Friends of the Governor’s Mansion, Austin · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dawn at the Alamo: Travis stands on the north wall battery as the columns come over (Henry Arthur McArdle, 1905, Texas Senate Chamber).
Henry Arthur McArdle; photograph by Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Alamo | Exclusive VIP Tour (2026), American Battlefield Trust.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The first page of Travis’s letter from the Alamo, 24 February 1836.
William Barret Travis / Texas State Library and Archives Commission · Public domain
Source ↗ - How was The Alamo Fortified?, American Battlefield Trust.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The Alamo church at night, San Antonio. Its walls of local limestone are about four feet thick.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Barret Travis, commander of the Alamo (Henry Arthur McArdle, before 1908).
Henry Arthur McArdle / Texas State Library and Archives Commission · Public domain
Source ↗ - San Jacinto Battlefield Tour, American Battlefield Trust.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The San Jacinto Monument, 567 feet tall and crowned with a Lone Star, rises over the battlefield where Texas won its freedom.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Surrender of Santa Anna: the captured general is brought before the wounded Sam Houston under an oak at San Jacinto, 22 April 1836 (William Henry Huddle, 1886).
William Henry Huddle; photograph by Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - James Bowie, c. 1831–1834, the only oil portrait believed painted from life (attributed to George P. A. Healy).
George Peter Alexander Healy (attributed) / Texas State Preservation Board · Public domain
Source ↗ - David Crockett in 1834, painted while he served in Congress (Chester Harding).
Chester Harding / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sam Houston, c. 1848–1850, then a U.S. senator from the state he won.
Mathew Brady / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Battle of San Jacinto: Houston’s army overruns Santa Anna’s camp on 21 April 1836, the 18 minutes that won Texas (Henry Arthur McArdle, 1895).
Henry Arthur McArdle / Texas State Library and Archives Commission · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Alamo church in the late 1870s, when the long barrack beside it was a store. Half of a Doerr & Jacobson stereoview.
Doerr & Jacobson / New York Public Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Battle of the Alamo: the last defenders fight inside the walls (Percy Moran, 1912).
Percy Moran / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Andrew Jackson rides among his gunners and riflemen as the British assault breaks on 8 January 1815 (Dennis Malone Carter, 1856).
Dennis Malone Carter · Public domain
Source ↗ - The battle as painted by Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte, an engineer in Jackson’s army, from his sketches on the field: Line Jackson runs from the river to the swamp as the British columns attack (1815).
Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte / New Orleans Museum of Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jackson on the rampart as the Highlanders storm the line (Edward Percy Moran, 1910).
Edward Percy Moran / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Battle of New Orleans: The War of 1812 in Four Minutes.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A reproduction cannon behind the rebuilt rampart at Chalmette Battlefield.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson, painted about 1819 by John Wesley Jarvis.
John Wesley Jarvis / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - The Signing of the Treaty of Ghent, Christmas Eve, 1814 (Amédée Forestier, 1914).
Amédée Forestier / Smithsonian American Art Museum · CC0
Source ↗ - The Rodriguez Canal today, with the rebuilt rampart on the right and the Chalmette Monument beyond.
Jerrye and Roy Klotz, MD / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - An anonymous early-19th-century portrait traditionally identified as Jean Lafitte, Rosenberg Library, Galveston. No portrait of him made from life is known for certain.
Anonymous / Rosenberg Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brig. Gen. John Coffee, 19th-century engraving.
Tennessee State Library and Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Carroll, official portrait as governor of Tennessee (Washington Bogart Cooper, 1843).
Washington Bogart Cooper / Tennessee State Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jackson stands among frontier riflemen at the rampart (Frederick Coffay Yohn, 1922).
F. C. Yohn / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - British barges close on the five American gunboats at Lake Borgne, 14 December 1814 (Thomas Lyde Hornbrook, c. 1836–1844).
Thomas Lyde Hornbrook / U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - The medal Congress voted Andrew Jackson for the victory, by Moritz Fürst; a bronze copy at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Moritz Fürst / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - A B-25B clears the bow of USS Hornet at the start of the Doolittle Raid, 18 April 1942, as sailors watch from the island (80-G-41196).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - A B-25 starts its takeoff run down Hornet’s wet flight deck on 18 April 1942 while officers watch from the bridge wing.
U.S. Army Air Forces / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - A frame from National Archives film of Task Force 16 during the Doolittle Raid, April 1942 (428-NPC-19508).
U.S. Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command (DVIDS) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A frame from wartime footage of the Doolittle Raid mission and USS Hornet.
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force (DVIDS) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Dick Cole, Doolittle’s co-pilot, in an Air Force tribute video.
Air Force Television (DVIDS) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The crew of the Ruptured Duck, plane No. 7: Lt. Ted Lawson and Lt. Dean Davenport in front, Lt. Charles McClure, Lt. Robert Clever and Sgt. David Thatcher behind.
U.S. Army Air Forces / U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Eight of the sixteen B-25Bs lashed to Hornet’s flight deck on the way to the launch point, with the cruiser Nashville in the distance (NH 53421).
U.S. Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Doolittle (center) and his crew with Chinese officials who helped them in Chekiang Province after the raid (208-N-9092-P).
Office of War Information / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brig. Gen. James H. “Jimmy” Doolittle, 1942 (208-PU-52-LL-2).
Office of War Information / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey Jr., official portrait from his service record.
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Vice Adm. Marc A. Mitscher during World War II (80-G-424169).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Ted W. Lawson of the 17th Bombardment Group, pilot of the Ruptured Duck.
U.S. Army Air Forces / Air Force Historical Research Agency · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle and Capt. Marc Mitscher with Raider aircrews and a 500-pound bomb on Hornet’s flight deck before the raid (NH 64472).
U.S. Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Doolittle wires a Japanese medal to a 500-pound bomb on Hornet’s flight deck, to be returned to Japan (80-G-41191).
U.S. Navy / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Roosevelt presents the Medal of Honor to Brig. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle at the White House, 19 May 1942, as Lt. Gen. Hap Arnold, Josephine Doolittle and Gen. George Marshall look on (208-PU-52-LL-12).
Office of War Information / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Army Capt. Isaiah Horton, a doctor at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, gets one of the military’s first COVID-19 shots, 14 December 2020.
Lisa Ferdinando / U.S. Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Gustave Perna, in uniform at right, stands in the Rose Garden as Operation Warp Speed is launched, 15 May 2020.
Shealah Craighead / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Northwell Health frontline worker receives one of the first COVID-19 vaccinations, 14 December 2020 (video still).
Northwell Health · Copyrighted: Northwell Health (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Gen. Gus Perna briefs the press on vaccine distribution, 14 December 2020 (video still).
U.S. Department of Defense / DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Deputy U.S. Marshal stands guard on the tarmac as the first COVID-19 vaccine shipments move by FedEx, 14 December 2020.
U.S. Marshals Service / DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett, coronavirus team lead at the NIH Vaccine Research Center.
Kizzmekia Corbett / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - A 3D print of a coronavirus spike, the protein NIH scientists stabilized to build the vaccine.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jason McLellan in his lab at the University of Texas at Austin, December 2020.
Vivian Abagiu / University of Texas at Austin · Public domain (Public Domain Mark)
Source ↗ - The Dale and Betty Bumpers Vaccine Research Center, Building 40, on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dr. Barney Graham, deputy director of the NIH Vaccine Research Center.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Gustave F. Perna, command portrait as commanding general of U.S. Army Materiel Command, 2016.
U.S. Army Materiel Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Gustave Perna at his desk at Operation Warp Speed headquarters, behind a sign that reads “Failure is not an option,” 13 November 2020.
E. J. Hersom / U.S. Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Operation Warp Speed’s Col. Mike Post and Marion Whicker check the first Pfizer vaccine shipment as it loads onto FedEx and UPS trucks, December 2020.
Operation Warp Speed / U.S. Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Navy hospital corpsmen at Naval Hospital Bremerton, Washington, draw one of the first Moderna doses, 23 December 2020.
U.S. Navy Medicine · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Deputy U.S. Marshal watches over a vaccine shipment at a loading dock during the first deliveries, 14 December 2020.
U.S. Marshals Service / DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Battle of Lexington, 19 April 1775: Parker’s militia return fire on the Green as the regulars advance (William Barnes Wollen, 1910).
William Barnes Wollen / National Army Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord, Plate III of Amos Doolittle’s 1775 engravings: the regulars fire first at the bridge as Col. Robinson and Major Buttrick lead the militia down to it.
Amos Doolittle after Ralph Earl (1903 reprint) / Concord Museum; photo Daderot · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Shot Heard Round the World: A Nation Is Born at Lexington and Concord.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Lexington and Concord: The Revolutionary War in Four Minutes.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Paul Revere, painted by John Singleton Copley about 1768, holding one of his own silver teapots.
John Singleton Copley / Museum of Fine Arts, Boston · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Battle of Lexington, Plate I of the engravings Amos Doolittle made from sketches of the scene in the weeks after the battle and published in December 1775.
Amos Doolittle after Ralph Earl / Connecticut Historical Society reproduction · Public domain
Source ↗ - The North Bridge over the Concord River, where the militia fired on the King’s troops at about 9:30 on 19 April 1775.
National Park Service, Minute Man National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - A tin lantern the Concord Museum keeps as one of those flashed from the steeple of Christ Church, the Old North Church, for Paul Revere.
Concord Museum; photo Daderot · Public domain
Source ↗ - The steeple of the Old North Church in Boston’s North End, where two lanterns hung on the night of 18 April 1775.
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - A View of the South Part of Lexington, Plate IV of Doolittle’s engravings: Lord Percy’s brigade meets Smith’s retreating column as houses burn.
Amos Doolittle after Ralph Earl / Christie’s · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dr. Joseph Warren, engraved by Thomas Illman after the portrait by John Singleton Copley.
Thomas Illman after John Singleton Copley / New York Public Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Lexington Minuteman by Henry Hudson Kitson (1900), long called the statue of Capt. John Parker, on Lexington Green in 1929. No free portrait of John Parker is available.
Leon H. Abdalian / Boston Public Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Major John Buttrick House on Liberty Street, Concord, his farm near the North Bridge, photographed for the Historic American Buildings Survey. No free portrait of John Buttrick is available.
Historic American Buildings Survey / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Struggle at Concord Bridge, engraved by W. J. Edwards after Alonzo Chappel, about 1859.
Alonzo Chappel / National Archives (532586) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Daniel Chester French’s Minute Man (1875) at the North Bridge, cast from Civil War cannon, with the first stanza of Emerson’s Concord Hymn on its base.
Dave Pape · Public domain
Source ↗ - Odyssey splashes down in the South Pacific as its three main parachutes collapse, 17 April 1970 (S70-35644)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - The “mailbox”: square command module canisters taped into Aquarius’s air system to scrub carbon dioxide (AS13-62-8929)
Apollo 13 crew / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Apollo 13 lifts off from Launch Complex 39A, 11 April 1970 (S70-34852)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gene Kranz (back to camera) watches Fred Haise on the big screen during the TV broadcast that ended nine minutes before the explosion, 13 April 1970 (S70-35139)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Flight controllers confer at the flight director’s console during the last day of the return, 16 April 1970 (S70-35368)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The far side crater Tsiolkovsky, photographed as Apollo 13 swung around the Moon, 14 April 1970 (AS13-60-8659)
Apollo 13 crew / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Deke Slayton (checked jacket) shows the ground-built prototype of the carbon dioxide adapter in Mission Control, 15 April 1970 (S70-35013)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Flight directors Gerry Griffin, Gene Kranz and Glynn Lunney cheer the splashdown in Mission Control, 17 April 1970
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The service module after jettison, with one whole side blown out by the oxygen tank explosion, 17 April 1970
Apollo 13 crew / NASA Marshall Space Flight Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Nixon introduces Sig Sjoberg and flight directors Glynn Lunney, Gene Kranz, Gerry Griffin and Milton Windler in Houston, 18 April 1970 (S70-35600)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jim Lovell, Apollo 13 commander, in his official crew portrait, 1970
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jack Swigert, Apollo 13 command module pilot, in his official NASA portrait
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Fred Haise, Apollo 13 lunar module pilot, in his official crew portrait, 1970
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Aquarius drifts away after jettison, about an hour before splashdown, 17 April 1970 (AS13-59-8562)
Apollo 13 crew / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lovell salutes beside Haise, President Nixon and Swigert at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, after the crew received the Medal of Freedom, 18 April 1970 (S70-15526)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Green Berets of Task Force Dagger ride with General Dostum’s horsemen in the Darya Suf valley, northern Afghanistan, autumn 2001
Master Sgt. Chris Spence, U.S. Army / U.S. Army Special Operations Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Air Force combat controller Staff Sgt. Bart Decker on horseback with Northern Alliance fighters, October 2001. He called in the B-52s and Navy jets for ODA 595
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Horse Soldiers: We Were America’s First Response
American Veterans Center · Copyrighted: American Veterans Center (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - We Were the Tip of the Spear in Afghanistan
American Veterans Center · Copyrighted: American Veterans Center (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - 9/11 to Afghanistan: an ODA 595 Horse Soldier on Special Forces operations
American Veterans Center (AVC Archive) · Copyrighted: American Veterans Center (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A Green Beret on a small Afghan horse, saddlebags of Afghan carpet behind him, in the hills of northern Afghanistan, 2001
U.S. Army / U.S. Army Special Operations Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Task Force Dagger soldiers and Afghan allies raise the American flag in Afghanistan, late 2001
U.S. Army / U.S. Army Special Operations Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Johnny Micheal “Mike” Spann, CIA paramilitary officer and former Marine captain
Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Source ↗ - Green Berets of the 5th Special Forces Group and their Afghan allies with the flag, Afghanistan, late 2001
U.S. Army / U.S. Army Special Operations Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Vice President Joe Biden speaks at the unveiling of the Horse Soldier statue, De Oppresso Liber, in New York on Veterans Day, 11 November 2011
David Lienemann / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Mark Nutsch Horse Soldier Monument in his hometown of Washington, Kansas, dedicated 19 November 2022. No free portrait of Mark Nutsch is available.
Pfc. Daniela Lechuga, U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Gen. John F. Mulholland Jr., who as a colonel commanded the 5th Special Forces Group and Task Force Dagger in 2001
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Special Forces captain in local dress aims a portable laser designator to guide Air Force and Navy bombs onto Taliban lines, Afghanistan, 2001
U.S. Army / U.S. Special Operations Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - CIA officer Mike Spann on horseback in northern Afghanistan, autumn 2001
Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Source ↗ - General Dostum’s fighters rest on a wall along the busiest street in a free Mazar-i-Sharif, 15 December 2001
Staff Sgt. Cecilio Ricardo, U.S. Air Force · Public domain
Source ↗ - Smoke rises over Fallujah after an air strike on an insurgent stronghold, as Marines of 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, search the city, 10 November 2004.
Cpl. Joel A. Chaverri, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - The beam of a rifle-mounted flashlight cuts through the dust as U.S. Army soldiers clear a house in Fallujah, 13 November 2004.
Spc. Brandi Marshall, U.S. Army / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - David Bellavia in the U.S. Army film on his house fight in Fallujah.
U.S. Army (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Trump places the Medal of Honor on David Bellavia at the White House, 25 June 2019.
U.S. Army / White House (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A frame from the Marine Corps film marking the 20th anniversary of the Second Battle of Fallujah.
U.S. Marine Corps / DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines of 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, ready a SMAW rocket to fire at an insurgent stronghold in Fallujah, 9 November 2004.
Lance Cpl. Joel A. Chaverri, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sgt. Maj. Bradley A. Kasal, official U.S. Marine Corps portrait.
U.S. Marine Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - Staff Sgt. David G. Bellavia in his official Army portrait at the Pentagon, 26 June 2019, the day after he received the Medal of Honor.
Monica King, U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines of K Company, 3d Battalion, 5th Marines, seize an apartment complex at the edge of Fallujah in the first hours of the assault, 8 November 2004.
Lance Cpl. James J. Vooris, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Gen. Richard F. Natonski, Commanding General, 1st Marine Division, 2004.
U.S. Marine Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. James E. Rainey, official U.S. Army portrait as Commanding General, Army Futures Command.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Marine M1A1 Abrams of 2nd Tank Battalion fires its main gun into a building where insurgents had opened fire on Marines, Fallujah, 10 December 2004.
Lance Cpl. James J. Vooris, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - A precision air strike destroys an insurgent stronghold as 3d Battalion, 1st Marines, pushes through Fallujah, 10 November 2004.
Lance Cpl. Thomas D. Hudzinski, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gunnery Sgt. Ryan Shane (center) of 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, and another Marine drag a fatally wounded comrade to safety under fire, seconds before Shane was hit himself, 9 November 2004.
Cpl. Joel A. Chaverri, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - An amphibious assault vehicle smashes through a wall and a locked gate to open a way in for Marines of India Company, 3d Battalion, 1st Marines, 17 November 2004.
Lance Cpl. Ryan L. Jones, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines of 3d Battalion, 5th Marines, patrol south toward a palm grove at sunset, clearing every house on the way, 15 November 2004.
Lance Cpl. James J. Vooris, USMC / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - The flag flies over Jackson Square in New Orleans, the old Place d’Armes, with the Cabildo at left and St. Louis Cathedral at center. Here the Stars and Stripes went up over Louisiana on 20 December 1803.
Spatms / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Hoisting American Colors, Louisiana Cession, 1803: Thure de Thulstrup’s 1902 painting of the flag going up in the Place d’Armes, New Orleans, on 20 December 1803.
Thure de Thulstrup / Louisiana State Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Charles Kuralt tells the story of the Louisiana Purchase for CBS News Sunday Morning, 1976.
CBS Sunday Morning · Copyrighted: CBS News (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Original Louisiana Purchase documents on display at Louisiana’s Old State Capitol in Baton Rouge, May 2026.
Louisiana Public Broadcasting · Copyrighted: Louisiana Public Broadcasting (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Inside the Cabildo, beside Thulstrup’s painting of the American flag going up over New Orleans.
Louisiana State Museums · Copyrighted: Louisiana State Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - France’s ratification of the convention for the 60 million francs, signed “Bonaparte” by the First Consul himself.
National Archives and Records Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Louisiana Purchase territory, shaded red, on Frank Bond’s 1912 map for the federal government: the land from the Mississippi to the Rockies ceded by the treaty of 30 April 1803.
Frank Bond, General Land Office / Government Printing Office · Public domain
Source ↗ - The embroidered velvet cover and seal box of France’s exchange copy of the convention for the 60 million francs, now held at the National Archives.
National Archives and Records Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - Karl Bitter’s relief of the treaty signing in Paris, inscribed May 1803, made for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904.
Missouri Historical Society · Public domain
Source ↗ - Robert R. Livingston, attributed to Gilbert Stuart, about 1790.
Attributed to Gilbert Stuart / U.S. Department of State, Diplomatic Reception Rooms · Public domain
Source ↗ - James Monroe, painted by John Vanderlyn in 1816.
John Vanderlyn / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution · Public domain
Source ↗ - Albert Gallatin, painted by Gilbert Stuart about 1803, the year of the Purchase.
Gilbert Stuart / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - The Cabildo on Jackson Square, New Orleans. In its Sala Capitular, Louisiana passed from France to the United States on 20 December 1803. It is now part of the Louisiana State Museum.
Spatms / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - The Gateway Arch over the Mississippi at St. Louis, where the American flag went up over Upper Louisiana on 10 March 1804. The arch is the national memorial to Jefferson’s vision of a continental nation.
Kbh3rd / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Pillow’s column storms Chapultepec on 13 September 1847, scaling ladders against the castle walls (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - Surfboats under American colors carry Scott’s army onto the beach near Veracruz, 9 March 1847 (N. Currier, 1847).
N. Currier / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marine Time Machine: The Battle of Chapultepec.
Cpl. Michael Parks / U.S. Marine Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ulysses S. Grant at 21, the earliest known portrait, from a daguerreotype made about 1843.
Unknown daguerreotypist / McClure’s Magazine, 1896 · Public domain
Source ↗ - Major General Winfield Scott, U.S. Army (E. B. & E. C. Kellogg lithograph, 1847).
E. B. & E. C. Kellogg / Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University · Public domain
Source ↗ - Major Levi Twiggs, U.S. Marine Corps, killed leading a storming party at Chapultepec.
Unknown artist / USMC History and Museums Division, Marines in the Mexican War (1991) · Public domain
Source ↗ - American troops close on the fortified convent at Churubusco, 20 August 1847 (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - Scott rides into the Grand Plaza of Mexico City on 14 September 1847, the Stars and Stripes over the National Palace (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - Worth’s division attacks the mills of Molino del Rey, 8 September 1847, Chapultepec at left (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - The signatures and seals of Nicholas Trist and the Mexican commissioners on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2 February 1848.
Nicholas Philip Trist Papers / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brevet Major General William Jenkins Worth (steel engraving, 1848).
Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Quitman’s division charges toward Chapultepec along the Tacubaya road, the castle on its hill beyond (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - American mortar and gun batteries pound the walls of Veracruz in March 1847 (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - Scott’s army at Cerro Gordo, 18 April 1847, as the flanking attack carries El Telégrafo (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - The assault at Contreras on 20 August 1847, won in seventeen minutes (Carl Nebel, 1851).
Carl Nebel / Adolphe Jean-Baptiste Bayot, lithographer · Public domain
Source ↗ - The storming of Chapultepec, painted by James Walker, who served as an interpreter with Scott’s army (c. 1857).
James Walker · Public domain
Source ↗ - A freighter comes alongside in the harbor at Marseille. Almost destroyed in the war, the port was rebuilt with Marshall Plan aid and was busier than ever.
Economic Cooperation Administration / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Truman, George C. Marshall, Paul Hoffman and Averell Harriman discuss the Marshall Plan in the Oval Office, 29 November 1948.
Abbie Rowe, National Park Service / Harry S. Truman Library, National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thumbnail for the George C. Marshall Foundation video of Marshall’s Harvard speech.
George C. Marshall Foundation · Copyrighted: George C. Marshall Foundation (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Thumbnail for the U.S. Department of State video “The Marshall Plan.”
U.S. Department of State · Copyrighted: U.S. Department of State (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Paul G. Hoffman, administrator of the Marshall Plan, at a Dutch government dinner in his honor in The Hague, 16 October 1950.
Winterbergen / Anefo, Nationaal Archief · CC0
Source ↗ - First page of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948, Public Law 80-472, whose Title I is the Economic Cooperation Act.
U.S. Congress / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - “All Our Colours to the Mast,” Reyn Dirksen’s first-prize poster in the Marshall Plan’s 1950 poster contest.
Reyn Dirksen for the Economic Cooperation Administration · Public domain (U.S. government publication, per Wikimedia Commons)
Source ↗ - A worker clears rubble in West Berlin beneath a sign for the city’s emergency program “with Marshall Plan aid.” A year before the plan ended, West Germany had passed its prewar industrial output.
Economic Cooperation Administration / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - George C. Marshall at his desk as Secretary of State, 1947–1949.
Photographer unknown, via U.S. Embassy The Hague · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan.
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Caterpillar D8 bulldozer, shipped to France under the Marshall Plan in 1949 to help rebuild the country’s electric power system. The aid shield is painted on its side.
Economic Cooperation Administration / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - “Whatever the weather we only reach welfare together,” a 1950 Marshall Plan poster by E. Spreckmeester. The windmill’s sails carry the flags of the nations in the program.
E. Spreckmeester for the Economic Cooperation Administration / George C. Marshall Foundation · Public domain (U.S. government publication, per Wikimedia Commons)
Source ↗ - Harvard’s honorary degree recipients on 5 June 1947, the day of the speech. Marshall sits third from left in the front row beside Harvard president James Conant, with J. Robert Oppenheimer at far left and Omar Bradley and T. S. Eliot to the right.
Los Alamos National Laboratory / U.S. Department of Energy · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Holland-America ship Noordam steams into Rotterdam on 26 April 1948, flags flying, with the first Marshall Plan goods for the Netherlands: wheat, farm machinery, steel and cars.
Snikkers / Anefo, Nationaal Archief · CC0
Source ↗ - Rows of new Vespa scooters at the Piaggio plant in Pontedera, near Pisa. Marshall Plan funds helped put Italian factories back into production.
Economic Cooperation Administration / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt rides at the head of the charge up Kettle Hill, 1 July 1898, in Frederic Remington’s Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill
Frederic Remington · Public domain
Source ↗ - Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders at the top of the hill they captured, Battle of San Juan, July 1898
William Dinwiddie / Library of Congress (LC-USZ62-7626) · Public domain
Source ↗ - A troop of Rough Riders charges on horseback at Tampa before sailing for Cuba, 1898, in a Biograph film frame
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co. / Library of Congress Paper Print Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - “How the Day Was Won”: a period lithograph of the 10th Cavalry charging up the San Juan Heights on 1 July 1898, with the Signal Corps balloon over the field
Popular Graphic Arts / Library of Congress (LCCN 2003671683) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Officers of the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, the Rough Riders, at Tampa before sailing for Cuba, 1898. Roosevelt stands at far right
Underwood & Underwood / Library of Congress (LCCN 2013650937) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Parker’s Gatling guns at Daiquirí just before starting for the front, June 1898
John H. Parker, History of the Gatling Gun Detachment (1898) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The wreck of the Spanish cruiser Vizcaya, beached and burned after the Navy destroyed Admiral Cervera’s squadron off Santiago on 3 July 1898
Detroit Publishing Co. / Library of Congress (LC-DIG-det-4a15182) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The hill from which the dismounted cavalry division charged the San Juan Heights, with the lagoon below and the mountains behind Santiago, 1898
William Dinwiddie / Library of Congress (LCCN 2013651491) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Leonard Wood, wearing the Medal of Honor, about 1915–1920
Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Col. John H. Parker, “Gatling Gun Parker,” photographed by Harris & Ewing
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress (LCCN 2016860532) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Brig. Gen. Hamilton S. Hawkins, who led Kent’s infantry up San Juan Hill, from Munsey’s Magazine, October 1898
Munsey’s Magazine, October 1898 · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Scream of Shrapnel at San Juan Hill: Frederic Remington, who was there as a war correspondent, painted troops taking shrapnel on the approach to the heights in 1898
Frederic Remington / Yale University Art Gallery · Public domain
Source ↗ - Men of the 16th Infantry in the San Juan creek bottom under Spanish fire from San Juan Hill, 1 July 1898
William Dinwiddie / Library of Congress (LCCN 2013651496) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Nautilus underway at sea in November 1955, her first year on nuclear power.
U.S. Navy photo 80-G-K-18864 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Nautilus plunges through the Chukchi Sea as the officer of the deck studies the edge of the polar ice she must pass under.
U.S. Navy photo USN 1036980 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Eisenhower pins the Legion of Merit on Cmdr. William Anderson at the White House, 8 August 1958.
Universal Newsreel, 11 August 1958 / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Cmdr. William Anderson (right) on the bridge among drifting ice as Nautilus prepares to pass under the North Pole, August 1958.
U.S. Navy photo USN 1037145 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Nautilus’s closed-circuit television shows the ice overhead at 86°05′N on 4 August 1958, the day after the Pole.
U.S. Navy photo USN 710218 / National Museum of the U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Presidential Unit Citation awarded to Nautilus for the first voyage across the top of the world.
U.S. Navy photo NH 115433 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dr. Waldo Lyon (left) and Cmdr. William Anderson read the ice overhead on the recorder in the attack center, August 1958.
U.S. Navy photo USN 1037825 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Fireboats salute Nautilus as she steams into New York Harbor on 25 August 1958, home from the North Pole.
U.S. Navy photo USN 1037458 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Harry S. Truman authenticates the keel of Nautilus at Electric Boat, Groton, on 14 June 1952.
U.S. Navy photo · Public domain
Source ↗ - Nautilus on her initial sea trials, 20 January 1955.
U.S. Navy / National Archives (521003) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Rear Adm. Hyman G. Rickover, about 1955.
U.S. Navy / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Eugene P. Wilkinson, first commanding officer of Nautilus, in a later official portrait as a rear admiral.
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Cmdr. William R. Anderson on the bridge of Nautilus.
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dr. Waldo K. Lyon at the ice recorder in Nautilus’s attack center, August 1958.
U.S. Navy photo USN 1037825 / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Beneath the North Pole, Anderson congratulates Electrician’s Mate First Class James R. Sordelet, the first man in history to reenlist at the Pole.
U.S. Navy photo USN 1036983 / National Museum of the U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Nautilus slides down the ways into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut, on 21 January 1954.
U.S. Navy photo · Public domain
Source ↗ - Wounded men of the 16th Infantry Regiment wait at the foot of the chalk cliffs on Omaha Beach for evacuation to a field hospital, 6 June 1944.
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Technicians at the USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory in Peoria test mold samples in the worldwide strain search, about 1943. Mary Hunt is believed to be on the left.
U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - The USDA penicillin team meets in Peoria in June 1944, the month of D-Day. Kenneth Raper sits fourth from left in the back row, Robert Coghill at center and Andrew Moyer seventh.
U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - Penicillin Was Pioneered in Peoria at USDA-ARS Research Lab.
U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - Did a Wonder Drug Win World War Two?
TimeGhost / World War Two · Copyrighted: TimeGhost (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - “Penicillin Saves Soldiers’ Lives!” A wartime government poster tells plant workers that men who might have died will live if they give the job everything they’ve got.
U.S. Government / Science History Institute · Public domain
Source ↗ - E. R. Squibb & Sons’ new penicillin building, 1944, where giant tanks replaced the glass bottles the mold once grew in.
E. R. Squibb & Sons advertisement, 1944 / Science History Institute · Public domain
Source ↗ - A wartime poster urges builders to finish a penicillin plant: the faster it is done, the quicker wounded men get the drug. No free portrait of Jasper Kane is available.
U.S. Government / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - A page from the Peoria lab’s 1943 penicillin strain survey. The circled strain, later named NRRL 1951, came from a moldy cantaloupe and became the parent of the strains industry used. No free portrait of Kenneth Raper is available.
U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - Andrew J. Moyer in his Peoria laboratory, where he found the corn steep liquor medium that multiplied penicillin yields.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Workers package penicillin under ultraviolet lamps at E. R. Squibb & Sons, one of the 21 firms in the War Production Board program, 1944. No free portrait of Albert Elder is available.
E. R. Squibb & Sons advertisement, 1944 / Science History Institute · Public domain
Source ↗ - Army medics treat American wounded on a Normandy beach in the first days of the invasion, June 1944.
U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Army nurse Lt. Gertrude A. Nolan gives an injection to Sgt. Charles A. Comar of New York City in an evacuation hospital in Normandy, 5 July 1944.
U.S. Army Signal Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - Nurses of the 13th Field Hospital, the first to arrive in Normandy to tend the wounded, take a break for chow at Omaha Beach, June 1944.
U.S. Army Signal Corps · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Navy F-14A Tomcat of Fighter Squadron 114 flies over a Kuwaiti oil well set ablaze by Iraqi troops, 1991.
Lt. Steve Gozzo, U.S. Navy / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - A 37th Tactical Fighter Wing F-117 stealth fighter takes off on a mission during Operation Desert Storm, 10 February 1991.
Tech. Sgt. Rose Reynolds, U.S. Air Force / Department of Defense, via National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Colin Powell and Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf listen as Defense Secretary Dick Cheney answers the press, February 1991.
PH2 Susan Carl / Department of Defense (DF-ST-92-07542) · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Bush greets Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf as he leads the Desert Storm homecoming parade in Washington, 8 June 1991.
David Valdez, White House / National Archives (186434) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, official portrait, 1988.
Russell Roederer / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Gen. H.R. McMaster at Fort Benning, Georgia, 2012.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - An AH-64A Apache of the XVIII Airborne Corps, armed with Hellfire missiles, is readied for a mission, 27 February 1991.
Maj. Kuenning, U.S. Army / Department of Defense, via National Archives (DA-ST-92-07887) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Iraqi wire and berms on the Kuwait-Saudi border, breached by the 1st Marine Division on the first day of the ground war.
CWO4 J. M. Rodriguez / Department of Defense, via National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - USS Missouri fires a Tomahawk cruise missile at an Iraqi target at the start of Operation Desert Storm, 17 January 1991.
PH3 Brad Dillon, U.S. Navy / Department of Defense (DN-ST-91-09302) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, official portrait, 1989.
Russell Roederer / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Gen. Chuck Horner, commander of U.S. Central Command Air Forces, in the Gulf after Desert Storm, 1991 (cropped).
U.S. Air Force / Department of Defense (DF-ST-92-09320) · Public domain
Source ↗ - M1A1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division, VII Corps, move out across the Saudi desert, 15 February 1991.
PHC D. W. Holmes II, U.S. Navy / Department of Defense (DN-ST-92-07834) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 16-inch guns of the battleship USS Missouri fire on Iraqi positions along the northern Kuwaiti coast at night, 6 February 1991.
PH3 Dillon, U.S. Navy / Department of Defense (DN-ST-91-09306) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines roll into Kuwait International Airport in light armored vehicles, flag flying, after the Iraqi retreat, 27 February 1991.
Tech. Sgt. David McLeod / Department of Defense, via National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marine M1A1 Abrams tanks cross the Kuwaiti desert on the first day of the ground war, 24 February 1991.
Staff Sgt. Masters / Department of Defense, via National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Pfc. White of the U.S. Army waves the flag under falling ticker tape at New York’s Welcome Home parade for the troops of Desert Storm, 10 June 1991.
Staff Sgt. Charles Reger / Department of Defense, via National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The fleet gathers in New York Harbor for the Grand Canal Celebration, 4 November 1825, painted by Anthony Imbert
Anthony Imbert / Museum of the City of New York · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Deep Cut at Lockport, blasted through solid rock above the locks, drawn by George Catlin for Colden's Memoir of the celebration, 1825
George Catlin, lithograph by Anthony Imbert, in Cadwallader D. Colden, Memoir (1825) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thumbnail of the Erie Canal Museum's virtual field trip to the Flight of Five at Lockport
Erie Canal Museum · Copyrighted: Erie Canal Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Thumbnail of the New York State Museum's video on the Erie Canal medal
New York State Museum · Copyrighted: New York State Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Passengers ride the deck of a canal packet boat in Edward Lamson Henry's Nearing the Bend, about 1900
Edward Lamson Henry / Albany Institute of History & Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - Grand Canal Celebration: the fleet forms in line in New York Harbor to escort the canal boats to the sea, 4 November 1825
Archibald Robertson, lithograph by Anthony Imbert / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - Lockport at dusk: the old Flight of Five, left, beside the modern locks that still lift boats up the escarpment, July 2016
Andre Carrotflower / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - The stone aqueduct that carried the canal over the Genesee River at Rochester, in an early engraving
New York Public Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - The locks at Lockport, where the canal climbs the Niagara Escarpment, in a lithograph published about 1855
Published for Herrmann J. Meyer, New York · Public domain
Source ↗ - DeWitt Clinton, Governor of New York, painted by Rembrandt Peale in 1823
Rembrandt Peale · Public domain
Source ↗ - Benjamin Wright, chief engineer of the Erie Canal
Artist unknown, courtesy of Francis Delafield Wright III · Public domain
Source ↗ - Canvass White, the canal engineer who perfected its waterproof cement, engraved for Stuart's Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers of America, 1871
Charles B. Stuart, Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers of America (1871) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The surviving north flight of five locks at Lockport, rebuilt in the 1840s on the double-flight plan Nathan Roberts designed for the 1825 canal. No free portrait of Nathan Roberts is available.
Ad Meskens / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Dignitaries ride a garlanded canal boat through the Mohawk Valley at the 1825 opening, from C. Y. Turner's 1905 mural Opening of the Erie Canal
Charles Yardley Turner, mural at DeWitt Clinton High School, New York, 1905 · Public domain
Source ↗ - The keg from which Governor Clinton poured Lake Erie into the Atlantic in 1825, now at the New-York Historical Society
Wikipedia Loves Art participant the_adverse_possessors / New-York Historical Society · CC BY 2.5
Source ↗ - The Carnegie blast furnaces at Braddock, home of the Edgar Thomson Works, about 1905.
Detroit Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bessemer converters blow at a Pittsburgh steel works, drawn by Charles Graham for Harper’s Weekly, 10 April 1886.
Charles Graham, Harper’s Weekly / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Andrew Carnegie: Prince of Steel, a Biography episode from HISTORY.
HISTORY · Copyrighted: A&E Television Networks (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Steelworkers at the Edgar Thomson Plant during its 150th anniversary.
U.S. Steel · Copyrighted: United States Steel Corporation (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Molten steel inside the Edgar Thomson Plant, from a KDKA tour at its 150th anniversary.
KDKA CBS News Pittsburgh · Copyrighted: CBS News Pittsburgh (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Staff of the Braddock Carnegie Library talk about America’s first Carnegie library.
NEXTpittsburgh · Copyrighted: NEXTpittsburgh (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The Edgar Thomson Works at Braddock, with the Monongahela River beyond, about 1908.
Detroit Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Andrew Carnegie, photographed by Theodore C. Marceau in 1913.
Theodore C. Marceau / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Braddock Carnegie Free Library in 1893. Opened in 1889, it was the first Carnegie library in the United States.
Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. William R. Jones, general superintendent of the Edgar Thomson Works, engraved for a 1903 memoir.
Dwight Goddard, A Short Story of William R. Jones (1903) / Library of Congress via Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Henry Clay Frick, chairman of Carnegie Brothers & Co. from 1889.
Bain News Service / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Charles M. Schwab in 1901, the year he became the first president of U.S. Steel.
The World’s Work, 1901 · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Bessemer converter throws its flame at a Pittsburgh steel works, on a Detroit Publishing Co. postcard of the early 1900s.
Detroit Publishing Co. / New York Public Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Blast furnaces F and G at the Edgar Thomson Works, 1886.
Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hoists unload Lake Superior iron ore at Conneaut, Ohio, the Lake Erie port of Carnegie’s railroad to Pittsburgh, about 1900.
Detroit Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Carnegie Hall, New York, in the early 1900s. It opened as the Music Hall on 5 May 1891.
Detroit Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Interstate 70 rides its viaduct along the Colorado River through Glenwood Canyon, Colorado, the final stretch of I-70, opened in 1992. Aerial photograph, 2016.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Soldiers of the 1919 Army transcontinental convoy put their shoulders to an engineer truck stuck in desert sand.
Eisenhower Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Soldiers push a stuck truck in film of the 1919 Army transcontinental convoy.
U.S. National Archives (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - "Brett & I": Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower (left) and Maj. Sereno Brett on the 1919 convoy, in Wyoming.
Eisenhower Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - The enrolled Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, signed 29 June 1956.
National Archives and Records Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States, official portrait, 29 May 1959.
White House / Eisenhower Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Lucius D. Clay (left), Frank Turner and the President's Advisory Committee on a National Highway Program hand President Eisenhower their report, 11 January 1955.
Federal Highway Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - Interstate 95 runs four lanes wide through the autumn woods of southern Maine near Ogunquit, October 2017.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - I-70 follows a bend of the Colorado River beneath the cliffs of Glenwood Canyon, Colorado. Aerial photograph, 2016.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Westbound I-70 between the cliffs of Glenwood Canyon, Colorado, 2008.
Patrick Pelster / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0 de
Source ↗ - Thomas H. MacDonald, Chief of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads from 1919 to 1953, official portrait.
Federal Highway Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - Francis C. "Frank" Turner, Federal Highway Administrator from 1969 to 1972.
Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways 1776-1976 · Public domain
Source ↗ - "The whole convoy, Utah": the 1919 Army transcontinental convoy lined up along a valley road, from the Eisenhowers' photo album.
Eisenhower Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - "Hoping it will hold": a convoy truck creeps across a plank bridge in 1919. The convoy broke or damaged 88 bridges and culverts on the way west.
Mamie Doud Eisenhower album / Eisenhower Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Glenn climbs into Friendship 7 during the final countdown, 20 February 1962 (KSC-JohnGlenn-0006)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - An onboard camera films Glenn in orbit aboard Friendship 7, 20 February 1962 (S62-00303)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Glenn in his pressure suit, from NASA's 1962 film Friendship 7 (video still)
NASA (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - McDonnell technicians at the hatch of Friendship 7 atop the gantry, 20 February 1962 (video still)
NASA Kennedy Space Center (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Earth from orbit, photographed by John Glenn from Friendship 7, 20 February 1962 (S62-06009)
John H. Glenn Jr. / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Glenn in orbit, filmed by the onboard camera of Friendship 7 (video still)
NASA (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, May 1960 (G60-02737)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Friendship 7 in the Atlantic, cable attached, as the destroyer USS Noa hoists it aboard, 20 February 1962 (S62-00941)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - The heat shield of Friendship 7, the one a faulty switch said was loose, after conservation at the National Air and Space Museum, 2016
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum · CC0
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. John H. Glenn Jr., USMC, beside Friendship 7 during preflight activities, 1962 (62-MA6-55)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Christopher C. Kraft Jr. in the Mission Control Center, Houston, 15 August 1965
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Walter C. Williams, NACA, 24 August 1954 (E-1364)
NASA Dryden Flight Research Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mercury-Atlas 6 lifts off from Launch Complex 14, Cape Canaveral, at 9:47 a.m. EST, 20 February 1962 (KSC-62PC-0011)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Glenn finishes suiting up before the launch, 20 February 1962 (S62-00965)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Kennedy honors Glenn at Cape Canaveral, with Annie, Lyn and David Glenn beside him, 23 February 1962 (KSC-JohnGlenn-0009)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell’s laboratory notebook for 10 March 1876, recording the first sentence ever sent by telephone: “Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you.”
Alexander Graham Bell / Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell, center, at AT&T’s New York offices on 25 January 1915, opening the first transcontinental telephone line with a call to Watson in San Francisco.
Irving Underhill / via Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Still from The First Call, a 1930 AT&T film of the invention of the telephone.
AT&T Archives / AT&T Tech Channel · Copyrighted: AT&T (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Still from Mr. Bell, the Bell System’s 1947 centennial film.
AT&T Archives / AT&T Tech Channel · Copyrighted: AT&T (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The 1885 wax disc that holds the only confirmed recording of Bell’s voice.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Alexander Graham Bell, about 1895.
Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery · CC0
Source ↗ - Bell’s patent drawing for U.S. Patent 174,465, “Improvement in Telegraphy,” granted 7 March 1876.
Records of the Patent and Trademark Office / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thomas A. Watson, photographed by J. E. Purdy in Boston, 1902.
J. E. Purdy / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gardiner Greene Hubbard in the 1890s, cropped from a portrait with his wife Gertrude.
Charles Milton Bell / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Theodore N. Vail, president of AT&T, in 1913.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell demonstrates the telephone to a packed Lyceum Hall in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1877, with voices carried by wire from Boston. Wood engraving from sketches by E. R. Morse.
E. R. Morse / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell places the first call on the new long-distance line from New York to Chicago, 18 October 1892.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell’s box telephone of 1876–1877, one of the first telephones offered to the public, at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History.
Daderot / Wikimedia Commons · CC0
Source ↗ - Rows of operators at the switchboards of the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company in Washington, D.C.
Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bell’s 1876 telephone receiver and transmitter, the type he showed at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. From The Story of Great Inventions, 1910.
Elmer Ellsworth Burns / Harper & Brothers, 1910 · Public domain
Source ↗ - Columbia rises from Pad 39A just after 7 a.m. on 12 April 1981, its external tank still painted white, the first time a crew rode a spacecraft on its maiden launch (KSC-81PC-0382)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Columbia’s main wheels touch down on Rogers Dry Lake at Edwards Air Force Base, 14 April 1981, the first NASA spaceflight to end on a runway (S81-30746)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Columbia on Runway 23 of Rogers Dry Lake after landing, seen from the air as the convoy tows it to its parking area, 14 April 1981 (KSC-81PC-0426)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Columbia rises off Pad 39A, reflected in the water near the launch complex, 12 April 1981 (S81-30462)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Robert L. Crippen, STS-1 pilot, in his ejection-escape suit, official portrait, May 1979 (S79-31777)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Young and Bob Crippen, the STS-1 crew, with a model of the shuttle, official crew portrait, 1979 (KSC-79PC-0271)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Searchlights frame Columbia on Pad 39A in a timed night exposure weeks before the first launch, March 1981 (KSC-81PC-0136)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - From the cabin, the crew photographs dark squares on Columbia’s left engine pod where heat-shield tiles shook loose during launch (STS001-08-289)
STS-1 crew / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - John W. Young, STS-1 commander, in his ejection-escape suit, official portrait, 29 April 1979 (S79-31776)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Robert F. Thompson, manager of the Space Shuttle Program, official portrait, 1980 (S80-29677)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Flight director Neil B. Hutchinson at his console in Mission Control during the launch of STS-2, 12 November 1981 (S81-39433)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Columbia clears the launch tower on the twin pillars of its solid rocket boosters, 12 April 1981 (S81-30500)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Cars, campers and spectators crowd Rogers Dry Lake to watch Columbia come home, 14 April 1981 (ED06-0045-2)
NASA / Dryden Flight Research Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Young climbs down from Columbia on the lakebed at Edwards while Bob Crippen waits inside, 14 April 1981 (S81-30843)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The STS-1 launch team at Kennedy Space Center cheers as Columbia lifts off, 12 April 1981 (KSC-81PC-0364)
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Heywood No. 2 gusher blows above the forest of derricks on Spindletop Hill, 1901
Bernier Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Lucas gusher blows oil more than 150 feet into the air above its derrick on Spindletop Hill, January 1901
Frank J. Trost / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Beatty well, the second Spindletop gusher, struck oil on 26 March 1901
Frank J. Trost, reproduced in Book of Texas (1916) / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Texas Bucket List visits the Spindletop-Gladys City Boomtown Museum
The Texas Bucket List · Copyrighted: The Texas Bucket List (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Derricks crowd Spindletop in KVUE's history segment on the birth of Texas oil
KVUE · Copyrighted: KVUE / TEGNA (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A figure of Capt. Anthony Lucas beside a rotary rig at the Texas Energy Museum
Texas Energy Museum · Copyrighted: Texas Energy Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A crew sinks a new well among the derricks at Spindletop, 1901
Bernier Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Derricks crowd Spindletop Hill as the boom takes hold, 1901
Bernier Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. Anthony F. Lucas, the engineer who drilled the Spindletop discovery well
Texas Energy Museum / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Shacks, tents and boilers of the boomtown camp spread across Spindletop Hill, 1901
Bernier Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Pattillo Higgins, who insisted oil lay beneath Spindletop Hill
Texas Energy Museum / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Lucas well, drilled by Al and Curt Hamill, standing capped on Spindletop Hill, 1901. No free portrait of Al Hamill is available.
Bernier Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - John H. Galey, the Pennsylvania wildcatter who backed Lucas and picked the drilling site, 1902
John J. McLaurin, Sketches in Crude Oil (1902) / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Oilmen outside the Oil Exchange and Board of Trade building during the Spindletop boom, 1901
Bernier Publishing Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - An early automobile rolls past oilfield shacks and derricks at Spindletop, about 1915
Keystone View Company / New York Public Library, Robert N. Dennis Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - A combine harvests wheat on the Palouse, the rolling Washington and Idaho country where USDA breeder Orville Vogel bred America’s first semi-dwarf wheats.
USDA Agricultural Research Service (image K1441-5) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Norman Borlaug walks his test plots of Mexican wheat, as pictured in the 1970 USDA booklet Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter.
Don Paarlberg, Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter / U.S. Department of Agriculture and USAID (PA 969, 1970) · Public domain (U.S. government publication, 1970)
Source ↗ - Norman Borlaug in 2004, the year he turned 90.
Ben Zinner / USAID · Public domain
Source ↗ - Norman Borlaug in a wheat field, from the Nobel Prize’s video on the Green Revolution.
Nobel Prize Outreach · Copyrighted: Nobel Prize Outreach (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Norman Borlaug in the field, as pictured in the 1970 USDA booklet Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter.
Don Paarlberg, Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter / U.S. Department of Agriculture and USAID (PA 969, 1970) · Public domain (U.S. government publication, 1970)
Source ↗ - Cover of Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter, published by the USDA with USAID in 1970.
Don Paarlberg, Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter / U.S. Department of Agriculture and USAID (PA 969, 1970) · Public domain (U.S. government publication, 1970)
Source ↗ - The Congressional Gold Medal awarded to Borlaug in 2007 shows him at work in a wheat field.
United States Mint (obverse design by Phebe Hemphill) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Iowa’s bronze of Borlaug in National Statuary Hall, unveiled in the U.S. Capitol on the centennial of his birth, 25 March 2014.
Lance Cheung / U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - A breeder opens a wheat floret with fine tweezers to make a cross by hand, the painstaking work behind every new variety.
Don Paarlberg, Norman Borlaug: Hunger Fighter / U.S. Department of Agriculture and USAID (PA 969, 1970) · Public domain (U.S. government publication, 1970)
Source ↗ - Wheat fields at Pullman, Washington, where Orville Vogel bred wheat for the USDA from 1931 to 1972. No free portrait of Orville Vogel is available.
Richardmouser / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Elvin C. Stakman, University of Minnesota plant pathologist, in 1930.
Minneapolis Newspaper Photograph Collection, Hennepin County Library · Public domain (No Copyright – United States)
Source ↗ - Ripe wheat in Pakistan. West Pakistan grew all the wheat it needed for the first time in 1968, two years ahead of Borlaug’s forecast.
Trecherouss Utopiia / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Stem rust on wheat, the fungus that wrecked Mexico’s harvests until Borlaug bred varieties that resisted it.
Yue Jin / USDA Agricultural Research Service (image K11192-1) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lincoln speaks at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, 19 November 1863, as imagined in a Sherwood Lithograph Co. print of about 1905.
Sherwood Lithograph Co. / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lincoln, bareheaded near the center, sits among the dignitaries on the platform at Gettysburg about noon on 19 November 1863. Archivist Josephine Cobb found him in this plate in 1952.
Attributed to David Bachrach (also credited to the Mathew Brady studio) / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - In Lincoln's Footsteps, an American Battlefield Trust tour of Lincoln's visit to Gettysburg.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The Gettysburg Address: 272 Words for the Ages, a program of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.
Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum · Copyrighted: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The Gettysburg Address in Four Minutes, with historian Jared Frederick.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The first page of the Nicolay copy, the earliest known draft of the Address, written on Executive Mansion stationery.
Abraham Lincoln / Library of Congress, Manuscript Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - David Wills, the Gettysburg attorney who organized the cemetery and its dedication, engraved by Samuel Sartain for a county history published in 1886.
Samuel Sartain / History of Cumberland and Adams Counties (1886) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Edward Everett, the orator of the day at Gettysburg, photographed by Mathew Brady about 1863.
Mathew Brady · Public domain
Source ↗ - The David Wills House on the town square in Gettysburg, where Lincoln finished the Address, with a statue of Lincoln outside.
Jared Frederick / National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Abraham Lincoln, photographed by Alexander Gardner in Washington on 8 November 1863, eleven days before the Gettysburg Address.
Alexander Gardner · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Saunders, who designed the Soldiers' National Cemetery, from the frontispiece of the 1900 Yearbook of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Soldiers' National Monument, dedicated in 1869, stands at the center of the cemetery Lincoln dedicated.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Saunders's design seen from the New York State Monument in 1893: the graves curve in semicircles, state by state, around the Soldiers' National Monument.
William H. Tipton / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lincoln with his secretaries John Nicolay, seated, and John Hay, photographed by Alexander Gardner in Washington on 8 November 1863, eleven days before Gettysburg.
Alexander Gardner / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The crowd gathers at the new cemetery on 19 November 1863, in a glass-plate negative from the Brady collection at the National Archives.
Mathew Brady studio / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The close of the Bliss copy, written in March 1864, the only copy Lincoln titled, dated and signed: “that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom.”
Abraham Lincoln / The White House · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Mayflower Compact, 1620, as imagined by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris: the men gather around a sea chest in the ship's cabin to sign.
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris / Library of Congress · Public domain (published 1932, copyright not renewed)
Source ↗ - The Pilgrims signing the Compact on board the Mayflower, 11 November 1620, engraved by Gauthier in 1859 after a painting by T. H. Matteson.
Tompkins Harrison Matteson (painter), Gauthier (engraver) / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mayflower II, the full-size reproduction that sailed from Plymouth, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 54 days in 1957, at her berth in 2022.
Wolfgang Fricke / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 3.0
Source ↗ - Crowds at Plymouth, Massachusetts, welcome Mayflower II in June 1957 (video still).
British Pathé (YouTube thumbnail) · Copyrighted: British Pathé (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Embarkation of the Pilgrims, Robert W. Weir's 1843 painting in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda: Elder William Brewster holds the Bible as the congregation prays aboard the Speedwell at Delfshaven, Holland, in July 1620.
Robert W. Weir / Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Mayflower Compact in William Bradford's own hand, page 54 of his manuscript Of Plimoth Plantation, now held by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
William Bradford / State Library of Massachusetts (facsimile from James Truslow Adams, The Founding of New England, 1921) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The top of Plymouth Rock inside its iron fence on the lawn of Pilgrim Hall, where it stood from 1834 to 1880.
A. W. Anderson / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Landing of the Pilgrims, painted by Henry Bacon in 1877.
Henry Bacon · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Bradford, head bowed in prayer beside John Carver, a later imagining from Robert W. Weir's Embarkation of the Pilgrims (1857 version), identified by the U.S. Capitol's key to the painting. No portrait of him from life exists. No free portrait of William Bradford is available.
Robert Walter Weir / Brooklyn Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - John Carver at prayer, a later imagining from Robert W. Weir's Embarkation of the Pilgrims (1857 version). No portrait of him from life exists. No free portrait of John Carver is available.
Robert Walter Weir / Brooklyn Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Elder William Brewster holding the Bible, a later imagining from Robert W. Weir's Embarkation of the Pilgrims (1857 version). No portrait of him from life exists. No free portrait of William Brewster is available.
Robert Walter Weir / Brooklyn Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Myles Standish in armor beside his wife Rose, a later imagining from Robert W. Weir's Embarkation of the Pilgrims (1857 version). No portrait of him from life exists. No free portrait of Myles Standish is available.
Robert Walter Weir / Brooklyn Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Mayflower at anchor in Plymouth Harbor, painted by William Halsall in 1882.
William Halsall / Pilgrim Hall Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - The First Thanksgiving, 1621, as imagined by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris around 1912 to 1915.
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris / Library of Congress · Public domain (published 1932, copyright not renewed)
Source ↗ - Hattie, Lizzie, Lutie and Ruth Chrisman in front of Lizzie's sod house in Custer County, Nebraska, in 1886. All four sisters went on to file homesteads.
Solomon D. Butcher / History Nebraska, via Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The old Mitchell ranch sod house in Custer County, Nebraska, photographed by Solomon Butcher on 4 August 1888.
Solomon D. Butcher / History Nebraska, via Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ken Deardorff in the National Park Service film about his Alaska homestead.
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title frame of the orientation film for Homestead National Historical Park.
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Frame from the National Park Service film How African Americans Settled the West.
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - The opening of the Homestead Act as passed by the 37th Congress and signed on 20 May 1862.
National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Homestead Application No. 1: Daniel Freeman's claim to 160 acres in Gage County, filed at the Brownville land office on 1 January 1863.
National Archives, Records of the Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Sylvester Rawding family in front of their sod house north of Sargent, Custer County, Nebraska, in 1886, with a cow on the sod roof.
Solomon D. Butcher / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - William Moore and family with their sheep and windmill near Sargent, Custer County, Nebraska, in 1886.
Solomon D. Butcher / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Galusha A. Grow, photographed by the Brady-Handy studio between 1865 and 1880.
Mathew Brady / Levin C. Handy, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Daniel Freeman on his homestead near Beatrice, Nebraska, about 1904.
Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ken Deardorff, America's last homesteader, at his Stony River claim in Alaska, from a National Park Service film.
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Isadore Haumont and family before their two-story sod house on French Table, north of Broken Bow, Nebraska, in 1886.
Solomon D. Butcher / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A California homesteader receives the patent to her land in front of her new house, about 1895 to 1905.
C. C. Pierce / California Historical Society, USC Libraries · Public domain
Source ↗ - Settlers gather outside the first stone church and the general store in Nicodemus, Kansas, a town built by Black homesteaders, in the late 1800s.
National Park Service, Nicodemus National Historic Site · Public domain
Source ↗ - Denali, 20,310 feet, over Wonder Lake before sunrise, Denali National Park and Preserve, July 2018.
Mary Lewandowski / National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Signing of the Alaska Treaty (Emanuel Leutze, 1867). Seward sits pen in hand as Stoeckl reaches across the globe; Sumner sits at right.
Emanuel Leutze / Seward House Museum, Auburn, N.Y. · Public domain
Source ↗ - Seward House Museum explains Leutze’s Signing of the Alaska Treaty, in Seward’s home in Auburn, N.Y.
Seward House Museum (video still) · Copyrighted: Seward House Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A Russian-American Company flag, from The Heritage of Alaska, episode 15: Alaska Day, 1867 (1968).
Alaska State Library (video still) · Copyrighted: Alaska State Library (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The Treasury warrant for $7.2 million, dated 1 August 1868 and payable to Russian minister Edouard de Stoeckl, that paid for Alaska.
U.S. Treasury / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sitka from the governor’s garden in 1868, the year after the transfer. St. Michael’s Cathedral stands at left.
Eadweard Muybridge · Public domain
Source ↗ - Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.
Mathew B. Brady / Library of Congress, Brady-Handy Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title card from Remembering the Battle of Attu.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (video still) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The trans-Alaska pipeline and the Dalton Highway run north through the Brooks Range toward Prudhoe Bay.
U.S. Geological Survey · Public domain
Source ↗ - William H. Seward, Secretary of State, about 1860–1865.
Mathew B. Brady / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Andrew Johnson.
Mathew B. Brady / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bear Glacier runs off the Harding Icefield into its iceberg lagoon, Kenai Fjords National Park, 2008.
National Park Service, Alaska Region · Public domain
Source ↗ - Packers climb to the summit of Chilkoot Pass on the trail from Dyea, Alaska, to the Klondike goldfields, 1898.
E. A. Hegg / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - U.S. soldiers land at Massacre Bay to retake Attu from the Japanese, 11 May 1943.
U.S. Office of War Information / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mount Everest from the Khumbu in Nepal, the side the 1963 team climbed, with a plume of snow streaming off the summit.
Vyacheslav Argenberg / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - Everest’s North Face from the Rongbuk Valley in Tibet. Hornbein and Unsoeld climbed the steep couloir high on this face, now named for Hornbein.
Luca Galuzzi / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.5
Source ↗ - A climber on oxygen high on Everest, from “1963 American Everest Expedition: The West Ridge.”
Eddie Bauer / First Ascent · Copyrighted: Eddie Bauer (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - President Kennedy with members of the American Mount Everest Expedition in the Rose Garden, 8 July 1963.
Abbie Rowe / White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Norman Dyhrenfurth speaks in the Rose Garden as President Kennedy presents the Hubbard Medal to the expedition, 8 July 1963.
Robert Knudsen / White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 1963 routes: up the Khumbu Icefall and Western Cwm, then the South Col and Southeast Ridge on the right, and the West Ridge and Hornbein Couloir on the left.
Tom Patterson (relief map), annotated by a Wikimedia Commons contributor · CC0
Source ↗ - Base Camp below the Khumbu Icefall, the first great obstacle on the route. Jake Breitenbach was killed in the Icefall on 23 March 1963.
McKay Savage / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Drawing of Dr. Thomas F. Hornbein from the poster for his St. Louis talk “High Adventure,” April 1964 (detail).
Missouri Historical Society / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain (no known copyright)
Source ↗ - Jim Whittaker in the Rose Garden at the White House, 8 July 1963 (detail of photograph AR8008-J).
Abbie Rowe / White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Willi Unsoeld, Oregon State graduate and faculty member.
Oregon State University / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Norman Dyhrenfurth at the microphones in the Rose Garden, 8 July 1963 (detail of photograph KN-C29409).
Robert Knudsen / White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Everest rises above the Nuptse–Lhotse wall, seen from a Drukair flight south of the Himalaya.
shrimpo1967; edit by Papa Lima Whiskey 2 / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Climbers on the Southeast Ridge below the summit, the route Whittaker and Gombu took on 1 May 1963.
Debasish Biswas; retouched by MagentaGreen / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - President Kennedy, wearing the white kata Nawang Gombu gave him, greets the Everest team in the Rose Garden, 8 July 1963.
Abbie Rowe / White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sunset lights Everest’s summit, the hour Hornbein and Unsoeld stood on top on 22 May 1963.
Megaurab09 / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Bonhomme Richard, center, and HMS Serapis locked together and burning under the moon off Flamborough Head, painted by Thomas Mitchell in 1780.
Thomas Mitchell / U.S. Naval Academy Museum via Naval History and Heritage Command (KN-10855) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bonhomme Richard and Serapis side by side in a cloud of gunsmoke, engraved after Robert Dodd’s painting of the action.
After Robert Dodd / U.S. Naval Institute, Beverly R. Robinson Collection via Naval History and Heritage Command (NH 42902) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The action off Flamborough Head as Richard Paton painted it for the Royal Academy in 1780: Bonhomme Richard and Serapis at center, Alliance firing at right.
Richard Paton · Public domain
Source ↗ - This Week in Navy History: Bonhomme Richard and Serapis.
U.S. Navy · Public domain (U.S. Navy video; YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The crypt of John Paul Jones, U.S. Naval Academy Chapel, with the names of his ships set in the floor.
John T. Lowe / Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hand-to-hand fighting on the deck of Serapis, from an old engraving.
National Archives (War and Conflict Number 49) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bronze bust of Jones after Jean-Antoine Houdon’s 1781 model, the likeness used in 1905 to identify his body.
Jean-Antoine Houdon (cast 1903) / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - Moonlight, smoke and fire: the two ships locked together while the convoy waits inshore, after a painting by James Hamilton.
Painted by James Hamilton, engraved by Robert Whitechurch, 1879 / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Midshipmen and crowds under umbrellas at the Naval Academy for the ceremonies honoring Jones on his return, 24 July 1905.
Henri Marion, John Paul Jones’ Last Cruise and Final Resting Place (1906) / Library of Congress via Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. John Paul Jones, painted by Charles Willson Peale, about 1781, wearing the French Cross of Military Merit.
Charles Willson Peale / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - Richard Dale, first lieutenant of Bonhomme Richard, engraved by R. W. Dodson after a portrait by Joseph Wood.
R. W. Dodson after J. B. Longacre and Joseph Wood / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ranger, right, and HMS Drake off Carrickfergus, 24 April 1778, the first American victory over a Royal Navy warship in British home waters.
Carlton T. Chapman, in Jessie Peabody Frothingham, Sea Fighters from Drake to Farragut (1902) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jones’s marble sarcophagus in the crypt beneath the U.S. Naval Academy Chapel, Annapolis, where he was laid to rest in 1913.
Photographer’s Mate 1st Class Kevin H. Tierney / U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - A drilling rig works the Bakken oil field near Williston, North Dakota, June 2011
Lindsey G / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - A frac crew at work on a fracture job on a Bakken well in North Dakota, August 2011
Joshua Doubek / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Frac crew members at a wellhead during a fracture job on a Bakken well in North Dakota, 2011. No free portrait of Nick Steinsberger is available.
Joshua Doubek / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - U.S. crude oil production, 1950 to 2025, charted from U.S. Energy Information Administration data
Chart by the Museum of American Exceptionalism; data: U.S. Energy Information Administration · Public domain
Source ↗ - A pumpjack lifts oil from a Permian Basin well near Monahans, Texas, 2026
Quintin Soloviev / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - Cheniere’s Sabine Pass LNG terminal in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, where the first shale-era export cargo sailed in 2016
Quintin Soloviev / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - The Bakken oil patch around Williston, North Dakota, glows at night in a NASA satellite image, November 2012
NASA Earth Observatory / Suomi NPP VIIRS · Public domain
Source ↗ - A gas drilling rig in the Barnett Shale near Alvarado, Texas, 2008, the formation George Mitchell spent seventeen years cracking. No free portrait of George P. Mitchell is available.
Loadmaster (David R. Tribble) / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - A drilling rig on the prairie west of Watford City, North Dakota, July 2013
Tim Evanson / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - A horizontal drilling rig operated by Chief Oil & Gas. No free portrait of Larry Nichols is available.
Meredithw / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Harold Hamm, founder of Continental Resources, 2012
David Shankbone / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 3.0
Source ↗ - Well pads and roads spread across the Permian Basin near Midland, Texas, like a circuit board, 2014
formulanone / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - A Marcellus Shale gas rig along Pennsylvania Route 87 in Lycoming County, August 2012
Nicholas A. Tonelli / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - Constitution’s broadsides shatter HMS Guerriere, 19 August 1812 (Thomas Chambers, about 1845).
Thomas Chambers / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - Guerriere’s masts come down under Constitution’s guns (Thomas Birch, 1813).
Thomas Birch · Public domain
Source ↗ - USS Constitution Museum historian Carl Herzog on the battle with HMS Guerriere.
USS Constitution Museum · Copyrighted: USS Constitution Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - USS Constitution: The War of 1812 in Four Minutes.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - USS Constitution under her own power in Boston Harbor on 19 August 2012, the 200th anniversary of her victory over Guerriere.
Petty Officer 1st Class Andrew Meyers / U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. Isaac Hull (Gilbert Stuart, 1807).
Gilbert Stuart / USS Constitution Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Constitution’s escape from the British squadron in July 1812, with Africa, Shannon, Aeolus, Guerriere and Belvidera in chase (Michele Felice Cornè, engraved by William Hoogland, 1816).
Michele Felice Cornè / William Hoogland / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Oliver Wendell Holmes, whose 1830 poem helped save Old Ironsides (Josiah Johnson Hawes daguerreotype).
Josiah Johnson Hawes / Harvard University Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - Commodore Charles Morris, about 1850 (Southworth & Hawes daguerreotype).
Southworth & Hawes / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - Constitution under sail about 1803, the frigate Joshua Humphreys designed (attributed to Michele Felice Cornè). No free portrait of Joshua Humphreys is available.
Attributed to Michele Felice Cornè / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Capt. Charles Stewart (Thomas Sully, 1811–1812).
Thomas Sully / National Gallery of Art · Public domain
Source ↗ - Constitution and HMS Java off Brazil, 29 December 1812 (Nicholas Pocock, from a sketch by Lt. Buchanan, 1814).
Nicholas Pocock / R. and D. Havell / UK Government Art Collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - Constitution fights Cyane and Levant at once, 20 February 1815 (lithograph by James Queen after Thomas Birch).
James Queen after Thomas Birch / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Constitution fires her starboard guns under sail on 21 July 1997, sailing on her own for the first time in 116 years.
Chief Photographer John E. Gay / U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - A silver striking of Isaac Hull’s Congressional Gold Medal. Its Latin honors his skill in the July escape and his courage in the August battle.
Naval History and Heritage Command · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - A dog team on the Iditarod National Historic Trail between Kaltag and Unalakleet, the stretch Jackscrew and Victor Anagick ran with the serum in 1925. Photographed in March 2016.
Bob Wick / Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - Kaasen’s team on Front Street, Nome, filmed for a Gaumont newsreel later on the day the serum arrived, 2 February 1925.
Gaumont newsreel / Cleveland Museum of Natural History collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - A dog team comes in over the snow outside Nome in the Gaumont newsreel of the serum’s arrival, February 1925.
Gaumont newsreel / Cleveland Museum of Natural History collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title card of Serum Race to Nome, about 1976.
Alaska Film Archives, University of Alaska Fairbanks · Copyrighted: Alaska Film Archives, University of Alaska Fairbanks (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Front page of the Seward Daily Gateway, 3 February 1925: “Antitoxin Reaches Nome; Fierce Storm.”
Seward Daily Gateway / Library of Congress, Chronicling America · Public domain
Source ↗ - “Dog Teams Race Death as Diphtheria Rages”: a newspaper drawing of the relay, January 1925.
Rosenberg, newspaper artist · Public domain
Source ↗ - Balto today, preserved at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
Nathan Obral · CC0
Source ↗ - Frederick Roth’s bronze of Balto in Central Park, unveiled on 17 December 1925.
Jim Henderson · Public domain
Source ↗ - A frost-covered sled dog on the Iditarod National Historic Trail. No free portrait of Charlie Evans is available.
Bureau of Land Management Alaska · Public domain
Source ↗ - Leonhard Seppala in his fur parka at Lake Placid, New York, January 1928, after winning the first sled dog race held there.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection / Library of Congress · Public domain (no known restrictions on publication)
Source ↗ - Gunnar Kaasen with Balto, 1925.
Brown Brothers · Public domain
Source ↗ - Dr. Curtis Welch in Nome on 2 February 1925, from a Gaumont newsreel frame.
Gaumont newsreel / Cleveland Museum of Natural History collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - A team crosses open country on the Iditarod National Historic Trail, March 2016.
Bureau of Land Management Alaska · Public domain
Source ↗ - Leonhard Seppala with six of his Siberian huskies, about 1924–25. Togo is at far left.
Carrie M. McLain Memorial Museum, Nome · Public domain (Public Domain Mark, Store norske leksikon; CC0 on Wikimedia Commons)
Source ↗ - Dr. Curtis Welch receives the serum package in Nome, in a scene filmed for a Gaumont newsreel on 2 February 1925.
Gaumont newsreel / Cleveland Museum of Natural History collection · Public domain
Source ↗ - The March to Valley Forge, December 19, 1777 (William B. T. Trego, 1883): Washington watches his army march into winter quarters.
William B. T. Trego / Museum of the American Revolution · Public domain
Source ↗ - Baron von Steuben drills American troops in the snow at Valley Forge (Edwin Austin Abbey).
Edwin Austin Abbey · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sunrise over the reconstructed huts of Muhlenberg’s brigade, Valley Forge National Historical Park.
IIP Photo Archive · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Valley Forge: The Revolutionary War in Four Minutes, with park ranger David Lawrence.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A reconstructed soldiers’ hut at Valley Forge: log walls chinked with clay, a slab roof and the door in the end.
aallegre / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - Baron von Steuben drills the army at Valley Forge (Augustus G. Heaton).
Augustus G. Heaton / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Plate I of Steuben’s Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States (Philadelphia, 1779).
Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington and Lafayette ride through the winter camp at Valley Forge (John Ward Dunsmore, 1907).
John Ward Dunsmore / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Reconstructed huts of the Commander in Chief’s Guard, the unit Steuben’s model company joined, at Valley Forge.
WanderingC.JWiki / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (Charles Willson Peale, 1780).
Charles Willson Peale / Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts · Public domain
Source ↗ - Major General Nathanael Greene (Charles Willson Peale, 1783).
Charles Willson Peale / Independence National Historical Park · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington’s Headquarters, the stone house by the forge where he lived and worked through the encampment.
P. Hughes / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - The National Memorial Arch, dedicated in 1917 to the officers and private soldiers of the Continental Army.
National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth, 28 June 1778 (Emanuel Leutze, 1857).
Emanuel Leutze / Monmouth County Historical Association · Public domain
Source ↗ - Surrender of General Burgoyne (John Trumbull, 1821), in the Capitol Rotunda. Gates declines Burgoyne’s sword and invites him into his tent; Daniel Morgan stands in white at the head of the American officers.
John Trumbull / Architect of the Capitol · Public domain
Source ↗ - Morgan’s riflemen at Saratoga, 7 October 1777 (H. Charles McBarron Jr.).
H. Charles McBarron Jr. / U.S. Army Center of Military History · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Saratoga Campaign animated map, American Battlefield Trust.
American Battlefield Trust · Copyrighted: American Battlefield Trust (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The Saratoga battlefield today, preserved in Saratoga National Historical Park at Stillwater, New York.
UpstateNYer / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - The Neilson farmhouse on Bemis Heights, at the angle of the American line that Kościuszko laid out.
Manuela Michailescu / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - A British engineer’s 1777 map of Burgoyne’s camps at Freeman’s Farm, with the ground toward the American lines marked “Ground of the Enemy.”
William Cumberland Wilkinson / Library of Congress Geography and Map Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - Horatio Gates, about 1782, by James Peale after Charles Willson Peale.
James Peale / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (NPG.69.50) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Signing the treaties of alliance and of amity and commerce with France, Paris, 6 February 1778 (Charles E. Mills): Franklin stands with a paper as Gérard signs, with Lee and Deane behind.
Charles Elliott Mills / Library of Congress (det.4a27382) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Saratoga Monument, a 155-foot granite obelisk on the ground of Burgoyne’s last camp in Victory, New York. Its cornerstone was laid on the centennial of the surrender.
Manuela Michailescu / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Daniel Morgan, about 1780, by an unidentified artist.
Unidentified artist / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (NPG.2001.3) · Public domain
Source ↗ - General John Stark, by Ulysses Dow Tenney.
Ulysses Dow Tenney / Manchester Historic Association · Public domain
Source ↗ - Thaddeus Kościuszko, by Karl Gottlieb Schweikart, after 1802.
Karl Gottlieb Schweikart / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Battle of Bennington, 16 August 1777, engraved after a painting by Alonzo Chappel.
After Alonzo Chappel / National Archives (531084) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Boot Monument marks the spot where Benedict Arnold was shot in the leg at Breymann’s redoubt on 7 October 1777. It does not carry his name.
Manuela Michailescu / Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - An Intel Core i5-11400 processor die from 2021: a whole computer processor on one sliver of silicon
Fritzchens Fritz · CC0
Source ↗ - A replica of Jack Kilby’s first integrated circuit of 1958: a germanium bar with its parts joined by fine gold wires, mounted on glass
Florian Schäffer / Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Jack Kilby’s Nobel Prize lecture, 8 December 2000
Nobel Prize Outreach · Copyrighted: Nobel Prize Outreach (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Jack Kilby and the chip that changed the world
Texas Instruments · Copyrighted: Texas Instruments (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Robert Noyce lecturing on the integrated circuit, 1984
Computer History Museum · Copyrighted: Computer History Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Gordon Moore’s oral history, recorded in 2008
Computer History Museum · Copyrighted: Computer History Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Moore’s Law on a chart: transistors per microchip from 1970 to 2020, doubling about every two years
Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie / Our World in Data · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - Fairchild Milliwatt Micrologic integrated circuits, designed in 1963, each a complete logic circuit sealed in a metal can
155LA3 · CC BY 4.0
Source ↗ - An Intel C4004, the first microprocessor, announced in November 1971 with 2,300 transistors on one chip
Thomas Nguyen · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Jack Kilby with fellow Texas Instruments engineers in Dallas, early 1960s
James R. Biard · CC BY-SA 4.0
Source ↗ - Robert Noyce at Intel in 1978
Intel Free Press · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - Jean Hoerni’s patent for the planar process, filed 1 May 1959 and granted 20 March 1962. No free portrait of Jean Hoerni is available.
Jean A. Hoerni / U.S. Patent and Trademark Office · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gordon Moore at Intel in 1978
Intel Free Press · CC BY-SA 2.0
Source ↗ - An Intel Pentium III processor die of 2001, etched down to its silicon layer and photographed through a microscope
Fritzchens Fritz · CC0
Source ↗ - The Apollo Guidance Computer and its display and keyboard, the first computer built on integrated circuits in large numbers
Grabert / Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - California Historical Landmark No. 1000 and the IEEE Milestone plaque in Palo Alto, where Robert Noyce invented the first integrated circuit that could be made commercially
pukasoft · CC BY-SA 3.0
Source ↗ - The Golden Gate Bridge lit up at night, seen from the Marin side, May 2012.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The work trestle reaches out from Fort Point toward the south pier site in the open strait, with the newly finished north tower beyond, 16 July 1934.
Associated Oil Company / Chas. M. Hiller, Library of Congress · Public domain (no known restrictions)
Source ↗ - The Golden Gate Bridge and the Marin Headlands from the San Francisco shore.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Crowds walk the deck on opening day, May 1937, in a frame from newsreel film.
Prelinger Archives / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - How the Golden Gate Bridge Works, a 3D animated tour by Animagraffs.
Animagraffs / YouTube · Copyrighted: Animagraffs (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Cover of the official program of the Golden Gate Bridge Fiesta, 27 May to 2 June 1937.
Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Looking north down the deck from the top of the south tower, with the main cable at left, 1984.
Jet Lowe, Historic American Engineering Record / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Army officers at Fort Scott look out at the unfinished bridge, its catwalks strung between the towers, mid-1930s.
Golden Gate NRA Park Archives / National Park Service · Public domain
Source ↗ - A tower of the bridge whose structure Charles Ellis designed. No free portrait of Charles Ellis is available.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Statue of chief engineer Joseph Strauss at the bridge’s San Francisco end. No free photographic portrait of Joseph Strauss is available.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Art Deco towers in International Orange, the color Irving Morrow chose. No free portrait of Irving Morrow is available.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The aircraft carriers Lexington, Ranger and Saratoga steam under the unfinished bridge, 12 November 1936.
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - The towers and nearly finished main cables from the air, looking north to Marin, 19 May 1936.
Unknown photographer / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Navy PBY-1 Catalina flying boats of Patrol Squadron 9 over the new bridge, May 1937.
U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Fireworks over the bridge on its 75th anniversary, May 2012.
Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines climb wooden scaling ladders over the seawall from their landing craft at Inchon, 15 September 1950.
Official U.S. Marine Corps photograph / Marine Corps Archives & Special Collections · CC BY 2.0
Source ↗ - 1st Lt. Baldomero Lopez leads the 3d Platoon, Company A, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines over the Red Beach seawall, 15 September 1950. He was killed minutes later (NH 96876).
U.S. Marine Corps photograph / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - A frame from Operation Inchon, the Defense Department's 1952 documentary of the landing and the drive on Seoul.
U.S. Department of Defense / Internet Archive (FedFlix) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Wolmi-do under bombardment, a frame from the Navy's film of D-Day at Inchon, 15 September 1950.
U.S. Navy film / National Archives (NAID 79607), via Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Gen. Douglas MacArthur watches the bombardment of Inchon from USS Mount McKinley with Brig. Gen. Courtney Whitney and Maj. Gen. Edward Almond, 15 September 1950.
Nutter, U.S. Army Signal Corps / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Landing craft loaded with Marines head for the smoking Inchon waterfront, 15 September 1950 (127-N-A2716).
Sgt. Frank C. Kerr, USMC / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - LSTs sit high and dry on the mudflats of Red Beach at low tide, unloading trucks and men the day after the landing, 16 September 1950 (80-G-420027).
U.S. Navy photograph / National Archives, via Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Five destroyers steam up the Inchon channel to bombard Wolmi-do at point-blank range, 13 September 1950 (80-G-419905).
U.S. Navy photograph / National Archives, via Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines ride in toward the Inchon seawall with their scaling ladders up, 15 September 1950 (127-N-A3189).
SSgt. W. W. Frank, USMC / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, USMC.
U.S. Marine Corps photograph · Public domain
Source ↗ - General of the Army Douglas MacArthur.
U.S. Army photograph / National Archives (NAID 6641433) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Eugene F. Clark receives the Navy Cross from Adm. Donald B. Duncan at the Pentagon, 1952 (crop of 330-PS-2537).
U.S. Navy photograph / National Museum of the U.S. Navy · Public domain
Source ↗ - Landing craft of the first and second waves run in toward Red Beach, with the destroyer USS De Haven below, photographed from a Marine Corsair, 15 September 1950 (NH 42351).
U.S. Navy photograph / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - A rocket ship fires as amphibian tractors cross the line of departure for Blue Beach, with Wolmi-do and the burning waterfront beyond, 15 September 1950 (80-G-420024).
U.S. Navy photograph / National Archives, via Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Marines fight down a Seoul boulevard during the liberation of the capital, September 1950 (NH 96378).
U.S. Marine Corps photograph / Naval History and Heritage Command · Public domain
Source ↗ - Earthrise: the Earth rises over the lunar horizon on Apollo 8’s fourth orbit, Christmas Eve 1968, in Bill Anders’s first color frame (AS08-14-2383)
Bill Anders / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - The first photograph of an Earthrise, the black-and-white frame Anders took seconds before he got color film (AS08-13-2329)
Bill Anders / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - NASA | Earthrise: The 45th Anniversary (video thumbnail)
NASA Goddard · Public domain
Source ↗ - Apollo 8: A Story of Christmas Around the Moon (video thumbnail)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Debrief: Apollo 8, NASA film, 1969 (video thumbnail)
NASA / U.S. National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - An Evening with the Apollo 8 Astronauts, 13 November 2008 (video thumbnail)
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum · Copyrighted: Smithsonian Institution (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Frank Borman, Apollo 8 commander, in his official NASA portrait
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bill Anders, Apollo 8 lunar module pilot, in his official NASA portrait, 1964 (S64-31555)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - George M. Low, manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program, who proposed sending Apollo 8 to the Moon
NASA Langley Research Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The far side of the Moon, never seen by human eyes before Apollo 8, near the crater Joliot-Curie (AS08-12-2209)
Apollo 8 crew / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - The first crewed Saturn V lifts off from Launch Complex 39A at 7:51 a.m. EST, 21 December 1968 (S68-56050)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Earth from Apollo 8, with the line between day and night crossing the Americas (AS08-16-2596)
Apollo 8 crew / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bill Anders at work inside the command module, from the onboard 16mm movie camera (S68-56532)
Apollo 8 crew / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Mission Control in Houston on the third day of the flight, with Apollo 8’s live picture of the Earth on the screen, 176,000 miles away (S68-56007)
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Borman, Lovell and Anders step off the recovery helicopter onto the carrier USS Yorktown, 27 December 1968 (S69-15737)
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Kathryn Thornton lifts COSTAR, the corrective optics that gave Hubble’s instruments their sharp focus, while Tom Akers works below in Endeavour’s payload bay on the fourth spacewalk, 8 December 1993 (STS061-47-014).
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jeffrey Hoffman, anchored to the end of Endeavour’s robot arm, prepares to install the new Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 as Story Musgrave works at the open bay, 7 December 1993 (STS061-74-046).
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Make It or Break It: Kathy Thornton on Hubble’s first servicing mission.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Going For It All: Story Musgrave on Hubble’s first servicing mission.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (YouTube thumbnail) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hubble, its new solar arrays unfurled, gleams in Endeavour’s payload bay just before its release back into orbit, December 1993 (STS061-99-009).
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The STS-61 crew on Endeavour’s flight deck with Hubble berthed in the payload bay, December 1993 (STS061-05-031).
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Story Musgrave rides the robot arm toward the top of Hubble on the fifth and final spacewalk, with Hubble standing upright in Endeavour’s payload bay above Earth, 9 December 1993 (STS061-98-050).
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Endeavour lifts off from Pad 39B at 4:27 a.m. EST on 2 December 1993, bound for Hubble (STS061-S-088).
NASA / Kennedy Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The proof, released 13 January 1994: the core of galaxy M100 through Hubble’s original camera (left) and through the new Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 installed in orbit (right).
NASA / Space Telescope Science Institute · Public domain
Source ↗ - Official NASA portrait of astronaut F. Story Musgrave, Marine Corps veteran, surgeon and STS-61 payload commander (S79-37745).
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Official NASA portrait of astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman, 5 April 1990 (S90-34031).
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Official NASA portrait of astronaut Kathryn C. Thornton in her spacesuit, 1992.
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Official NASA portrait of astronaut Richard O. Covey, commander of STS-61.
NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hubble’s old, damaged solar array drifts away over northern Sudan moments after Kathryn Thornton released it by hand on the second spacewalk, 6 December 1993 (STS061-95-031).
NASA / Johnson Space Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula, photographed by Hubble’s new camera, WFPC2, on 1 April 1995 and released that November.
NASA, Jeff Hester and Paul Scowen (Arizona State University) · Public domain
Source ↗ - The Hubble Deep Field: nearly 3,000 galaxies in a speck of sky near the Big Dipper, built from ten days of WFPC2 exposures in December 1995.
Robert Williams and the Hubble Deep Field Team (STScI) / NASA · Public domain
Source ↗ - A modern rider retraces the Pony Express National Historic Trail across the Wyoming sagebrush under a storm sky, September 2010.
Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sunset over the lava-rock walls of Sand Springs station, Nevada, where Pony Bob Haslam changed horses on his 380-mile ride in May 1860.
BLM Nevada / Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - Title card of Fleet and Fleeting: The Legacy of the Pony Express.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum · Copyrighted: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - A living-history interpreter tells the story of a Pony Express rider.
Smithsonian National Postal Museum · Copyrighted: Smithsonian National Postal Museum (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - The only known cover from the first westbound Pony Express, postmarked at St. Joseph on 3 April 1860 and addressed to San Francisco.
Central Overland California & Pike’s Peak Express Co. / image Richard Frajola · Public domain
Source ↗ - “Pony Express en route across the plains,” from Root and Connelley’s The Overland Stage to California, 1901.
Frank A. Root and William E. Connelley, The Overland Stage to California (1901) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Hollenberg Station near Hanover, Kansas, a Pony Express station that still stands on its original site.
Historic American Buildings Survey / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Pony Express rider Frank E. Webner and his horse, about 1861.
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (30-N-49-126) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Alexander Majors, frontispiece of his memoir Seventy Years on the Frontier, 1893.
Alexander Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier (Rand, McNally & Co., 1893) / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - William H. Russell, founder of the Pony Express, about 1860.
Kansas Historical Society (Kansas Memory) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Robert “Pony Bob” Haslam, photographed in later life and published in 1908.
W. L. Visscher, A Thrilling and Truthful History of the Pony Express (1908) / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Riders of the Pony Express division out of St. Joseph in a tintype of about 1860: Johnny Fry and Billy Richardson standing, Charlie and Gus Cliff seated.
Martin E. Ismert Collection, Kansas City (via Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain
Source ↗ - Sunrise over the Pony Express National Historic Trail in Utah, October 2016.
Bureau of Land Management · Public domain
Source ↗ - “The Overland Pony Express”: a rider salutes the crews raising the transcontinental telegraph, from a painting by George M. Ottinger. Harper’s Weekly, 2 November 1867.
After George M. Ottinger / Harper’s Weekly / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Wells, Fargo & Co. notice of 1 July 1861: “10 Days to San Francisco!” Letters left at 84 Broadway, New York, went west by Pony Express for $1 a half ounce.
Wells, Fargo & Co. / Smithsonian National Postal Museum · Public domain
Source ↗ - Jim Thorpe spreads his arms as he crosses the finish line, 1912
IOC / Olympic Museum Collections · Public domain (photograph from 1912)
Source ↗ - Thorpe clears the bar in the decathlon pole vault at Stockholm Olympic Stadium, July 1912
Official Report of the Stockholm 1912 Olympic Games · Public domain (published 1913)
Source ↗ - Thorpe in his U.S. Olympic shirt, July 1912. His socks and shoes do not match, the detail behind the story of his stolen shoes
Agence Rol / Bibliothèque nationale de France · Public domain (photograph from 1912)
Source ↗ - Jim Thorpe in NFL Films’ The Top 100: NFL’s Greatest Players
NFL Films · Copyrighted: NFL Films (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Path Lit by Lightning: The Life of Jim Thorpe, a program at the National Archives
U.S. National Archives · Copyrighted: U.S. National Archives (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Mayor William Gaynor, third from left, and U.S. Olympic Commissioner James E. Sullivan welcome Thorpe and the Olympic team at New York City Hall, 24 August 1912
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection, Library of Congress · No known restrictions on publication (Library of Congress)
Source ↗ - Thorpe shakes hands with Carlisle superintendent Moses Friedman as Pop Warner, left, and Louis Tewanima, center, look on
Carlisle Indian School / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - The 1912 Carlisle Indian School track team. Thorpe stands in the middle of the back row, and Tewanima sits at far left in front
Carlisle Indian School (via Smithsonian) · Public domain (photograph from 1912)
Source ↗ - Thorpe in his Canton Bulldogs uniform, between 1915 and 1920
Unattributed · Public domain (photograph from 1915–1920)
Source ↗ - Jim Thorpe in his football jersey, photographed in the 1910s
Harris & Ewing, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Glenn “Pop” Warner, about 1915
Bain News Service, Library of Congress · No known restrictions on publication (Library of Congress)
Source ↗ - The start of the pentathlon 1,500 metres in Stockholm Olympic Stadium, 7 July 1912. Thorpe won the race in 4:44.8
Jaroslav Kalva / Český svět, 26 July 1912 · Public domain (published 1912)
Source ↗ - Thorpe at the Polo Grounds as a New York Giant, 1913
Bain News Service, Library of Congress · No known restrictions on publication (Library of Congress)
Source ↗ - The General Operating Department of the Western Union Telegraph Building in New York, 1875, three decades after the first message.
C. K. Bill / Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division · Public domain
Source ↗ - A Morse-Vail telegraph key, the lever-style sending key Alfred Vail developed for Morse’s system.
National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution · CC0
Source ↗ - The paper tape of the first message, “What hath God wrought?”, with Morse’s note that it was sent at 8:45 a.m. on 24 May 1844 and chosen by Annie G. Ellsworth. Shown here in three rows.
Samuel F. B. Morse Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Breakthrough: The Telegraph, PBS.
PBS · Copyrighted: PBS (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Samuel F. B. Morse, daguerreotype from Mathew Brady’s studio, between 1844 and 1860.
Mathew Brady studio / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - The House of Representatives, Morse’s 1822 painting of the chamber where the House would vote 89 to 83 to fund his line.
Samuel F. B. Morse / National Gallery of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - Gallery of the Louvre, which Morse painted in Paris and finished in New York in 1833, the year after his telegraph idea at sea.
Samuel F. B. Morse / Terra Foundation for American Art, via Wikimedia Commons · Public domain
Source ↗ - Alfred Vail, from an 1853 daguerreotype published by his son in 1914.
J. Cummings Vail, Early History of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph (1914) / Internet Archive · Public domain
Source ↗ - Morse taps out his own name to close his farewell message to the world’s telegraph operators at New York’s Academy of Music, 10 June 1871.
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 1 July 1871 / Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Joseph Henry, photographed by the Brady-Handy studio between 1865 and 1880.
Brady-Handy Photograph Collection, Library of Congress · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ezra Cornell in 1869.
Smithsonian Institution Archives · CC0
Source ↗ - A Morse electric telegraph register, tagged “Patented May 1st 1849.” Its stylus embossed dots and dashes on a moving paper tape.
Smithsonian Institution · CC0
Source ↗ - The 1866 Atlantic cable fleet, led by the giant Great Eastern, gathers off the coast of Ireland. Watercolor by Robert Charles Dudley.
Robert Charles Dudley / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0
Source ↗ - Maj. Bruce Crandall’s UH-1D Huey climbs away after landing infantrymen of the 1st Cavalry Division in the Ia Drang Valley, November 1965.
U.S. Army photo / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Troopers of the 1st Cavalry Division run from their Hueys into the elephant grass in the Ia Drang Valley, November 1965.
U.S. Army photo / Department of Defense · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bruce Crandall in the American Veterans Center film on his flights into LZ X-Ray.
American Veterans Center · Copyrighted: American Veterans Center (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - Joe Marm in The American Legion’s Medal of Honor story.
The American Legion · Copyrighted: The American Legion (YouTube thumbnail)
Source ↗ - An Army training terrain board of LZ X-Ray and the ground around it, built in two sections, each 36 by 72 inches.
U.S. Army Alaska Training Support Center · Public domain
Source ↗ - Col. Walter Joseph “Joe” Marm (Ret.) speaks at the LBJ Presidential Library’s Vietnam War Summit, 26 April 2016.
LBJ Presidential Library · Public domain
Source ↗ - President George W. Bush presents the Medal of Honor to Ed Freeman in the East Room of the White House, 16 July 2001.
White House Photo Office / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Ed Freeman receives the Medal of Honor at the White House, 16 July 2001.
White House Photo Office / National Archives · Public domain
Source ↗ - Lt. Col. Harold G. “Hal” Moore, official battalion command photograph, 1965.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Maj. Bruce P. Crandall, official Army photograph, 1965.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Bruce Crandall leads a formation of Company A, 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion Hueys before takeoff in Vietnam, about 1966.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - President Bush fastens the Medal of Honor on Bruce Crandall at the White House, 26 February 2007.
U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Medal of Honor recipients Bruce Crandall and Joe Marm at the banquet for the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Ia Drang, November 2015.
Staff Sgt. Bryce S. Dubee, U.S. Army · Public domain
Source ↗ - Troopers of today’s 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry set out on a 7.1-mile ruck march honoring the veterans of Ia Drang, 16 November 2012.
Sgt. John Couffer, U.S. Army / DVIDS · Public domain
Source ↗
